وڪيپيڊيا

ڏکڻ آمريڪا

کنڊُ

ڏکڻ آمريڪا (South America) ستن کنڊن مان هڪ آهي، جیڪو مڪمل طور تي مغربي اڌ گول ۾ ۽ گهڻو ڪري ڏاکڻي اڌ گول ۾ آهي. اهو پڻ آمريڪاز جي ڏاکڻي علائقي جي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي سرحد اولهه ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ اتر ۽ اوڀر ۾ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ آهي؛ اتر آمريڪا جو کنڊ ۽ ڪيريبين سمنڊ اتر اولهه طرف آهن. براعظم ۾ عام طور تي ٻارهن خودمختيار رياستون: ارجنٽائن، بوليويا، برازيل، چلي، ڪولمبيا، ايڪواڊور، گيانا، پيراگوئي، پيرو، سورينام، يوراگوئي، ۽ وينزويلا؛ ٻه منحصر علائقا: فاڪلينڊ ٻيٽ ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا ۽ ڏکڻ سينڊوچ ٻيٽ؛ ۽ هڪ اندروني علائقو: فرينچ گيانا آهي. ان کان علاوه، هالينڊ جي بادشاھت جا ای بی سی ABC جزائر، اسانشيون (Ascension) ٻيٽ (سينٽ ھيلينا جو انحصار، اسانشيون ۽ ٽرسٽان دا ڪنھا)، ھڪ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقو، بوویٽ (Bouvet) ٻيٽ (ناروي جو انحصار)، پاناما، ۽ ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو پڻ ٿي سگھي ٿو، ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا حصا سمجهيا وڃن ٿا.

South America
پکيڙ 17٬840٬000 km2 (6٬890٬000 sq mi) (4th)
آبادي 420,458,044 (2016; 5th)[1]
گھاٽائي 21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)
جي ڊي پي (ناليوار) $3.62 trillion (2022 est; 4th)[2]
جي ڊي پي (مساوي قوت خريد) $7.61 trillion (2022 est; 5th)[3]
جي ڊي پي (في ماڻھو) $8,340 (2022 est; 5th)[4]
آبادي جي سڃاڻپ South American
ملڪ
ماتحت علائقا
ٻوليون
ٽائيم زون UTC−02:00 to UTC−05:00
وڏا شھر
Scheme for geographic regions and subregions used by the United Nations Statistics Division

ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ايراضي 1,78,40,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (68,90,000 چورس ميل) آهي. 2016 تائين ان جي آبادي 42 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي.[1] ڏکڻ آمريڪا علائقي ۾ چوٿون نمبر (ايشيا، آفريڪا ۽ اتر آمريڪا کان پوءِ) ۽ پنجون نمبر آبادي ۾ (ايشيا، آفريڪا، يورپ ۽ اتر آمريڪا کان پوءِ). برازيل تمام گهڻي آبادي وارو ڏکڻ آمريڪي ملڪ آهي، جنهن ۾ براعظم جي لڳ ڀڳ اڌ آبادي آهي، ان کان پوءِ ڪولمبيا، ارجنٽائن، وينزويلا ۽ پيرو آهي. تازن ڏهاڪن ۾، برازيل پڻ براعظم جي GDP جو اڌ پيدا ڪيو آهي ۽ براعظم جي پهرين علائقائي طاقت بڻجي چڪو آهي.[5]

اڪثر آبادي براعظم جي الهندي يا اڀرندي ساحلن جي ويجهو رهندي آهي جڏهن ته اندروني ۽ ڏور ڏکڻ ۾ گهٽ آبادي آهي. اولهندي ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي جاگرافي تي اينڊس (Andes) جبلن جو تسلط آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، اڀرندي ڀاڱي ۾ ٻهراڙي وارا علائقا ۽ وسيع هيٺاهين وارا علائقا شامل آهن جتي نديون وهن ٿيون جهڙوڪ ايمازون (Amazon)، اورنيڪو (Orinoco) ۽ پرانا (Paraná). گهڻو ڪري براعظم ٽروپڪ جی ٽاڪری ۾ واقع آهي، سواءِ ڏاکڻي مخروط جو هڪ وڏو حصو جيڪو وچ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ۾ واقع آهي.

براعظم جي ثقافتي ۽ نسلي نقطه نظر ان جي ابتڙ يورپي فاتحن ۽ مهاجرن سان ۽ مقامي طور تي، آفريقي غلامن سان مقامي ماڻهن جي رابطي سان آهي. نوآبادياتيزم جي ڊگهي تاريخ ڏني وئي، ڏکڻ آمريڪن جي وڏي اڪثريت اسپيني يا پرتگالي ڳالهائيندو آهي، ۽ سماج ۽ رياستون مغربي روايتن سان مالا مال آهن. 1900ع کان پوءِ جو ڏکڻ آمريڪا، یورپ، ايشيا ۽ آفريڪا جی مقابلی م، چند جنگين سان پرامن براعظم رهيو آهي.[6][7]

ڏکڻ آمريڪا
پکيڙ 17٬840٬000 km2 (6٬890٬000 sq mi) (4th)
آبادي 420,458,044 (2016; 5th)[1]
گھاٽائي 21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)
جي ڊي پي (ناليوار) $3.94 trillion (2017; 4th)[8]
جي ڊي پي (مساوي قوت خريد) $6.57 trillion (2017; 4th)[9]
جي ڊي پي (في ماڻھو) $9,330 (2017; 4th)[10]
آبادي جي سڃاڻپ ڏکڻ آمريڪي
ملڪ 12
ماتحت علائقا 4
ٻوليون پورچوگيزي، اسپينش، انگريزي، فرينچ، ڊچ، ڪئينچوئا،ڪيريبين ھندستاني۽ کوڙ ٻيون ٻوليون مقامي ٻوليون.
ٽائيم زون UTC-2 to UTC-5
وڏا شھر ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي شھرن جي فھرست
******** ڏکڻ آمريڪا کنڊ ********

جاگرافي

سنواريو
 
انڊيز جو وڏو جابلو سلسلو
 
اميزون جي گھاٽن جھنگن جو هڪ درياهه

ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڪل ايراضي  17،840،000 چورس ڪلوميٽر  (6890،000 چورس ميل) آهي جيڪو زمين جي ڪل ايراضي جو 3.5 سيڪڙو ٿئي ٿو. 2005ء جي مطابق هن کنڊ جي آبادي 371،000،000 آهي. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ايراضي ۽ آبادي  جي لحاظ کان چوٿون نمبر کنڊ آهي.

انڊيز هتان جو سڀ کان وڏو جابلو سلسلو آهي جڏهن ته کنڊ جي اوڀر واري علائقي ۾ اميزون درياه سان گڏ جھنگن سان ڀريو پيو آهي.

اميزون جو وڏو جھنگ  2510000 چورس ميلن تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ اندازن دنيا جي سڀ معلوم ٿيل زنده جانورن جي اڌ آبادي هتي آهي.[11]

اميزون ۽ پارانا هتي جا وڏا درياهه آهن جيڪي اوقيانوس وڏي سمنڊ ۾ ڪرن ٿا. انڊيز جي جابلو سلسلي ۾ آتش فشان به آهن جن ۾ کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو متحرڪ آتش فشان ڪوٽوپاڪسي به شامل آهي جنهن جي بلندي 19347 فٽ آهي. هي آتش فشان اولهه جي ملڪ الڪويڊور ۾ آهي.انڊيز جپو جابلو سلسلو اتر ۾ ڏکڻ ۾ پکڙيل آهي جنهن جي ويڪر 4500 ميل آهي. اهڙي طرح هي دنيا جو ڊگھو ترين جابلو سلسلو آهي.

کنڊ ۾ ريستاني علائقا به آهن جن ۾ پينٽاگونيا ۽ ايٽاڪاما ريگستان مشهور آهن.

دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو آبشار ”اينجل آبشار“، ايراضي جي حصاب سان سڀ کان وڏو درياهه ”اميزون درياهه“ ، ڊگھو ترين جابلو سلسلو ”انڊيز“، زمين جو خشڪ ترين علائقو ”ايٽاڪاما ريگستان“، سڀ کان وڏو جھنگ ”اميزون جھنگ“، سمنڊ جي سطح کان سڀ کان مٿي گادي جو هنڌ ”لاپاز، بوليويا“، دنيا جي سڀ کان اوچي ڍنڍ ”ٽيٽيڪاڪا ڍنڍ“ ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان ڏورانهون شهر ”پورٽو ٽورٽو، چلي“ هن ئي کنڊ م آهي.

تاريخ

سنواريو

17 هين صدي ۾ اسپين ۽ پرتگال جي جهازرانن جي طرفان هن زمين جي ڳولهڻ کان پوء ٻنهي ملڪ هتي قبضو ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ هتان جا ملڪ ڊگھي غلامي ۾ هليا ويا. اسپين ۽ پرتگال هتي پنهنجي ثقافت جو گهرو اثر ڇڏيو جيڪو اڄ به ڏسي سگھجي ٿو. ڏکڻ  آمريڪا جي ملڪ برازيل ۾ پرتگيزي جڏهن ته تقريبن ٻين ملڪن ۾ هسپانوي ٻولي ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. اتر ۾ سرينام ۽ گيانا جا ننڍا  ملڪ نيدرلينڊ ۽ برطانيه جي غلامي ۾ رهيا آهن. ڊگھي غلامي جي ڪري هتي مختلف نسلن جا ماڻهو ملن ٿا جن ۾ يورپي، آبائي آمريڪي ۽ آفريڪي نسل شامل آهن. ڪجهه اصل آمريڪي ماڻهو اڄ به آميزون جي گھاٽن جھنگن م رهن ٿا.

آبادي

سنواريو
   
     
فائل:Emorales.jpg  
ڏکڻ آمريڪا جون مشهور شخصيتون

کنڊ جي اڪثريت ساحلي علائقن ۾ رهي ٿي. برازيل ايراضي ۽ آبادي جي لحاظ کان کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو ملڪ آهي ۽ کنڊ جي آبادي جو اڌ هتان کن تعلق رکي ٿو. گھڻي آبادي شهرن ۾رهي ٿي جن ۾ ڪافي شهر گھاٽي آبادي ۽ غير مغياري رهائشي سهولتن جي ڪري مسئلن جو شڪار آهن. برازيل جو شهر سائو پولو دنيا جي تيزي سان وڌندڙ شهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ هن کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اميزون جا جھنگ ۽ انڊيز جو جابلو سلسلو نه جي برابر آباد آهن.

معيشت

سنواريو
 
بيونس آئرس، ارجنٽائن ، کنڊ جو ٻيو وڏو شهر
 
بگوٽا، ڪولمبيا، کنڊ جو ٽيون وڏو شهر

ارجنٽائن کنڊ جو سڀ کان امير ملڪ آهي جتان جي عوام جو معيارِ زندگي ڪافي مٿي آهي. جڏهن ته گيانا ۽ بوليويا ڪمزور معيست ڪجي ڪري غريب ملڪ سمار ٿيندا آهن ۽ انهنجو ذياده تر انحصار خام مالن جي ڪاروبار تي هوندو آهي. ڪولمبيا ۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ منشيات جي ڪاري ڪاروبار جي ڪري ڏوه ۽ بدعنواني تمام گھڻي آهي.

ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ زراعت روزگار جو سڀ کان اهم ذريعو آهي ۽ ڪافي ۽ ڪوڪو جي پوک کان علاوه مال پاليو ويندو آهي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ صنعتون برازيل ۾ آهن جنهن کان پوء ارجنٽائن، وينزيويلا ۽ چلي اچن ٿا. سمنڊ ڪناري واقع شهر ريوڊي جنيرو، ليما، سائو پولو۽ بيونس آئرس ۾ سڀ کان گھڻو روزگار ملي ٿو انجي ڪري هي شهر ڳوٺن مان لڏي ايندڙن سان ڀريا پيا آهن. سائو پولو برازيل جو سڀ کان وڏو صنعتي شهر آهي جتي لوه جو ڪم، ڪار ٺاهڻ، چمڙي وعيره جون مصنوعات ٺهن ٿيون. بوليويا ۽ ڪولمبيا جي پهاڙي علائقن ۾ ڪوڪا جا ٻوٽا پوکي انهن مان ڪوڪين تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي جنهن سان هتي غيرقانوني منشيات جو ڪاروبار گھڻو آهي. وينزويلا ۾ ماراڪائبو ڍنڍ تيل جي ذخيرن سان مالامال آهي ۽ هن کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو تيل جو ذخيرو آهي. تيل جي ڳولها سان وينزويلا ڏينهون ڏينهن ترقي پيو ڪري. _کڻ آمريڪا معدني وسيلن سان مالامال آهي جتي تيل کان علاوه ڪوئلي ۽ ٽامي جون به کاڻون آهن.

دنيا ۾ ملندڙ ڪيترائي ٻوٽا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي پيداوار آهن جن ۾ ٽماٽو ۽ پٽاٽو قابلِ ذڪر آهن. اڄڪله ۡافي، ڪوڪا ، رٻڙ ، مڪئي ۽ ڪمند هتان جون اهم پوکون آهن جڏهن ته انڊيز جي وادين ۾ انگور به پوکيا وڃن ٿا.

کنڊ جو گھڻو حصو انٽارڪٽيڪا جي ويجھو هجڻ جي ڪري ڏاڍو ٿڌو علائقو آهي.

ملڪ

سنواريو

گڏيل قومن موجب هيٺيان ملڪ ڏکڻ آمريڪا کنڊ ۾ آهن.

جھنڊو ملڪ/ٽیریٽري ایراضي [lower-alpha 8] آبادي
(2016)[1] 		آبادي جی ڪثافت گاديء وارو شھر آفیشیل بولي م نالو
  ارجنٽائن 70062766890000000002٬766٬890 km2 (1٬068٬300 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 43,847,430 700114300000000000014.3 /km2 (37 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] بیونس آئرس Argentina
  بوليويا 70061098580000000001٬098٬580 km2 (424٬160 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 10,887,882 70008400000000000008.4 /km2 (22 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] لاپاز، سڪري
[lower-alpha 9] 		Bolivia/Mborivia/Wuliwya/Puliwya
  برازيل 70068514877000000008٬514٬877 km2 (3٬287٬612 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 207,652,865 700122000000000000022 /km2 (57 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] برازیلیا Brasil
  چلي[lower-alpha 10] 7005756950000000000756٬950 km2 (292٬260 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 17,909,754 700122000000000000022 /km2 (57 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] سانتیاگو [lower-alpha 11] Chile
  ڪولمبيا 70061141748000000001٬141٬748 km2 (440٬831 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 48,653,419 700140000000000000040 /km2 (100 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] بوگوٽا Colombia
  ايڪواڊور 7005283560000000000283٬560 km2 (109٬480 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 16,385,068 700153800000000000053.8 /km2 (139 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] ڪيوٽو Ecuador/Ikwayur/Ekuatur
  فالڪس آئیلینڊ (برطانیا) 700412173000000000012٬173 km2 (4٬700 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 2,910 69992600000000000000.26 /km2 (0.67 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] اسٽانلي Falkland Islands
  فرينچ گيانا (فرانس) 700491000000000000091٬000 km2 (35٬000 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 275,713 70002100000000000002.1 /km2 (5.4 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] Cayenne
(Préfecture) 		Guyane
  گيانا 7005214999000000000214٬999 km2 (83٬012 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 773,303 70003500000000000003.5 /km2 (9.1 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] جیورج ٽائون Guyana
  پيراگوئي 7005406750000000000406٬750 km2 (157٬050 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 6,725,308 700115600000000000015.6 /km2 (40 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] اسانشيون Paraguay/Paraguái
  پيرو 70061285220000000001٬285٬220 km2 (496٬230 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 31,773,839 700122000000000000022 /km2 (57 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] ليما Perú/Piruw/Piruw
  ڏکڻ جيورجیا ء

ڏکڻ سینڊوچ آئیلینڏز (برطانیا)[lower-alpha 12]

70033093000000000003٬093 km2 (1٬194 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 20 50000000000000000000 /km2 (0 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] King Edward Point South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
  سرينام 7005163270000000000163٬270 km2 (63٬040 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 558,368 70003000000000000003 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] Paramaribo Suriname
  يوروگوئي 7005176220000000000176٬220 km2 (68٬040 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 3,444,006 700119400000000000019.4 /km2 (50 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] Montevideo Uruguay/Uruguai
  وينزولا 7005916445000000000916٬445 km2 (353٬841 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 31,568,179 700127800000000000027.8 /km2 (72 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] Caracas Venezuela
Total 700717824513000000017٬824٬513 km2 (6٬882٬083 sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option] 420,458,044 700121500000000000021.5 /km2 (56 /sq mi)[اوزا تبديل: invalid option]

حڪومت ۽ سياست

سنواريو
پڻ ڏسو: لاطيني آمريڪا ۽ ڪيريبين ۾ جمهوريت
 
ڪيوٽو، ايڪواڊور ۾ UNASUR جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر

تاريخي طور تي، هسپانوي ملڪ ريپبلڪن ڊڪٽيٽرشپ، ڪيڊيلوس جي اڳواڻي ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا. برازيل صرف هڪ استثنا هو، پنهنجي پهرين 67 سالن جي آزاديءَ لاءِ آئيني بادشاهت جي حيثيت سان، جيستائين هڪ فوجي بغاوت ان کی هڪ جمهوريه بنائن جو اعلان ڪيو. 19ھین صدي جي آخر ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ برازيل، چلي، ارجنٽائن ۽ يوراگوئي هئا.[12]

سڀ ڏکڻ آمريڪي ملڪ، سواءِ سورينام جي، هڪ پارلياماني جمهوريه، صدارتي جمهوريه آهن. فرينچ گيانا هڪ ​​فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ آهي، جڏهن ته فاڪلينڊ ٻيٽ ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا ۽ ڏکڻ سينڊوچ ٻيٽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقا آهن. هي هن وقت دنيا ۾ بادشاهت کان سواءِ واحد آباد براعظم آهي؛ برازيل جي سلطنت 19 صدي عيسويء ۾ موجود هئي ۽ ڏکڻ ارجنٽائن ۽ چلي ۾ اروڪنيا ۽ پيٽاگونيا جي سلطنت قائم ڪرڻ جي ناڪام ڪوشش هئي. پڻ ويهين صدي ۾، سرينام هالينڊ جي بادشاهي جي هڪ جزوي سلطنت جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ گيانا پنهنجي آزاديء کان پوء 4 سالن تائين برطانوي بادشاهه کي رياست جي سربراهه طور برقرار رکيو.

تازو، هڪ بين الاقوامي ادارو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي جنهن جو مقصد ٻن موجوده رواج يونين کي ضم ڪرڻ آهي: مرڪوسور ۽ اينڊين ڪميونٽي، اهڙيء طرح دنيا ۾ ٽيون نمبر وڏو واپاري بلاڪ ٺاهيندي.[13] هي نئين سياسي تنظيم، يونين آف سائوٿ آمريڪن نیشنز جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، ماڻهن جي آزاد حرڪت، اقتصادي ترقي، گڏيل دفاعي پاليسي ۽ محصولن جي خاتمي جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿي.

انفراسٽرڪچر

سنواريو

توانائي

سنواريو
 
 
Panoramic view of the Itaipu Dam, the second largest of the world in energy production

ٽوپوگرافي جي تنوع جي ڪري ۽ پليويوميٽرڪ ورهاڱي جي حالتن جي ڪري، علائقي جي پاڻي جا وسيلا مختلف علائقن ۾ تمام گهڻو مختلف آهن. اينڊس ۾، نيويگيشن جا امڪان محدود آهن، سواءِ مگدالينا ندي، ٽٽيڪاڪا ڍنڍ ۽ چلي ۽ ارجنٽائن جي ڏاکڻين علائقن جي ڍنڍن جي. اتر۔اولهه پيرو کان پيٽاگونيا تائين زراعت لاء آبپاشي هڪ اهم عنصر آهي. سال 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين اينڊس جي ڄاڻايل بجليءَ جي 10 سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ صلاحيت استعمال ٿي چڪي هئي. برازيل جي هاءِ لينڊز ۾ اینڊس علائقي جي ڀيٽ ۾ هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ جي تمام گهڻي صلاحيت آهي ۽ ان جي استحصال جا امڪان تمام گهڻا آهن ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪيترن ئي وڏين ندين جي موجودگي جي ڪري وڏين وڏين ندين جي موجودگي ۽ وڏن فرقن جي واقعن جي ڪري وڏيون تبديليون آهن، جهڙوڪ پولو افونسو، اگواڪو ۽ ٻيا. ايمازون درياهه جي سسٽم ۾ اٽڪل 13,000 ڪلوميٽر واٽر ويز آهن، پر هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ استعمال لاءِ ان جا امڪان اڃا تائين اڻڄاتل آهن. براعظم جي اڪثر توانائي هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ پاور پلانٽس ذريعي پيدا ٿئي ٿي، پر اتي پڻ ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ ۽ ونڊ انرجي جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. برازيل ۽ ارجنٽائن واحد ڏکڻ آمريڪي ملڪ آهن جيڪي هر هڪ ٻه ايٽمي پاور پلانٽس سان، ايٽمي طاقت پيدا ڪن ٿا. سال 1991ع ۾ انهن ملڪن هڪ پرامن ايٽمي تعاون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ڪيو.

 
Wind power in Parnaíba
 
Angra Nuclear Power Plant in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro
 
Pirapora Solar Complex, the largest in Brazil and Latin America with a capacity of 321 MW

The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.[14] In the beginning of 2020, in the production of oil and natural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.[15]

Brazil is one of the main world producers of hydroelectric power. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation.[16] In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).[17][18]

In 2013, the Southeast Region used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. Hydroelectric generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% coming mostly from thermoelectric generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais for about 25%; Rio de Janeiro for 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The South Region owns the Itaipu Dam, which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of Three Gorges Dam in China. It remains the second largest operating hydroelectric in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with Paraguay: the dam is located on the Paraná River, located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. North Region has large hydroelectric plants, such as Belo Monte Dam and Tucuruí Dam, which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.[19][20]

As of جُولاءِ 2022 according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind power was 22 GW, with average capacity factor of 58%.[21][22] While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;[23][24] the average capacity factor in the Northeast Region is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.[25] In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.[26] In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.[27][28] In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),[29][30] and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, United States and Germany.[31][32]

Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.[33] The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A), a wholly owned subsidiary of Eletrobrás. Nuclear energy is produced by two reactors at Angra. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro. It consists of two pressurized water reactors, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.[34]

As of آڪٽوبر 2022 according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 21 GW, with average capacity factor of 23%. Some of the most irradiated Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO (Goiás), which have indeed world irradiation level records.[35][24][36] In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country.[26] In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),[37] and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).[38]

In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through biomass (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.[39]

After Brazil, Colombia is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). Venezuela, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). Argentina was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region. Paraguay stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. Bolivia stand out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in 2015. Ecuador, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.[40][41][42][32]

Transport: Transport in South America is basically carried out using various modes including: roads, seaports and airports. The railway and fluvial sector, although having more robust contemporary potential, are still somewhat treated in a secondary way.

Roads

سنواريو
 
Ruta 9 / 14, in Zarate, Argentina

Due to the Andes Mountains, Amazon River and Amazon Forest, there have always been difficulties in implementing larger scale transcontinental or bioceanic highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, (in Argentina) and later to Santiago, (in Chile). However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru (Interoceanic Highway), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile (Bioceanic Corridor).

Some of the most modern roads extend through northern and south-east Argentina; and south of Brazil, a vast road complex aims to link Brasília, the federal capital, to the South, Southeast, Northeast and Northern regions of Brazil.

Brazil has more than 1.7 million km of roads, of which 215,000 km are paved, and about 14,000 km are divided highways. The two most important highways in the country are BR-101 and BR-116.[43] Argentina has more than 600,000 km of roads, of which about 70,000 km are paved, and about 2,500 km are divided highways. The three most important highways in the country are Route 9, Route 7 and Route 14.[43] Colombia has about 210,000 km of roads, and about 2,300 km are divided highways.[44] Chile has about 82,000 km of roads, 20,000 km of which are paved, and about 2,000 km are divided highways. The most important highway in the country is the Route 5 (Pan-American Highway)[45] These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways.

In addition, there is a reputed Pan-American Highway, which crosses Argentina and the Andean countries from north to south, although various stretches are unfinished.[46]

Aviation

سنواريو
 
Rio de Janeiro International Airport

In South America, commercial aviation has a magnificent expansion field, which has one of the largest traffic density lines in the world, Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo, and large airports, such as Congonhas, São Paulo–Guarulhos International and Viracopos (São Paulo), Rio de Janeiro International and Santos Dumont (Rio de Janeiro), El Dorado (Bogotá), Ezeiza (Buenos Aires), Tancredo Neves International Airport (Belo Horizonte), Curitiba International Airport (Curitiba), Brasilia, Caracas, Montevideo, Lima, Viru Viru International Airport (Santa Cruz de la Sierra), Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém.

There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. São Paulo International Airport, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country – the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those in Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Florianópolis, Cuiabá, Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza, Belém and Manaus, among others. Argentina has important international airports such as Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Bariloche, Mendoza, Salta, Puerto Iguazú, Neuquén and Usuhaia, among others. Chile has important international airports such as Santiago, Antofagasta, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas and Iquique, among others. Colombia has important international airports such as Bogotá, Medellín, Cartagena, Cali and Barranquilla, among others. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (Montevideo), Paraguay (Asunción), Peru (Lima), Bolivia (La Paz) and Ecuador (Quito). The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).[47]

Seaports and harbors

سنواريو
 
Port of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil

The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. The following are those of Chile, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. The largest ports in commercial movement are those of Buenos Aires, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Bahía Blanca, Rosario, Valparaíso, Recife, Salvador, Montevideo, Paranaguá, Rio Grande, Fortaleza, Belém and Maracaibo.

About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest seaports in South America, such as Port of Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranaguá, Port of Itajaí, Port of Rio Grande, Port of São Francisco do Sul and Suape Port. Argentina has ports such as Port of Buenos Aires and Port of Rosario. Chile has important ports in Valparaíso, Caldera, Mejillones, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica and Puerto Montt. Colombia has important ports such as Buenaventura, Cartagena Container Terminal and Puerto Bolivar. Peru has important ports in Callao, Ilo and Matarani. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).[48]

Rail

سنواريو

Two primary railroads are continental: the Transandina, which connects Buenos Aires, in Argentina to Valparaíso, in Chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia Railroad, which makes it the connection between the port of Santos in Brazil and the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia.

Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector: the platinum network, which develops around the Platine region, largely belonging to Argentina, with more than 45,000 km in length; And the Southeast Brazil network, which mainly serves the state of São Paulo, state of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.

The Argentine rail network, with 47,000 km of tracks, and at one stage was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about 100,000 km of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The Brazilian railway network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers. It is basically used for transporting ores.[49] Chile has almost 7,000 km of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Colombia has about 3,500 km of railways.[50]

Waterways

سنواريو
 
The mouth of the Amazon River

South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world, represented mainly by the Amazon basin, the Platine basin, the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins, Brazil having about 54,000 km navigable, while Argentina has 6,500 km and Venezuela, 1,200 km.

Among the main Brazilian waterways, two stand out: Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná (which has a length of 2,400 km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800 km on the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais) and Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (it has two sections: Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 km. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil, this transport is still underused: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration. In Argentina, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The main river ports are Zárate and Campana. The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along 67 km of the Santa Fé portion of the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrate 50% of the total exports of the country.

Public transport

سنواريو

The main public transport in major cities is the bus. Many cities have a diverse system of metro and subway trains, the first of which was the Buenos Aires subte, opened 1913.[51] The Santiago subway[52] is the largest network in South America, with 103 km, while the São Paulo subway is the most heavily used, with more than 4.6 million passengers per day.[53] Rio de Janeiro installed the continent's first railroad in 1854. Today the city has a diversified system of metropolitan trains, integrated with buses and subway. It has a Light Rail System called VLT, with small electrical trams at low speed, while São Paulo has inaugurated a monorail. In Brazil, an express bus system called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which operates in several cities, has been developed. Mi Teleférico, also known as Teleférico La Paz–El Alto (La Paz–El Alto Cable Car), is an aerial cable car urban transit system serving the La Paz–El Alto metropolitan area in Bolivia.

ثقافت

سنواريو
 
ٽيٽرو سولس، يوراگوئي
 
نيشنل لائبريري، برازيل
 
آريا ديویڪار هندو مندر، پاراماريبو، سورينام

ڏکڻ آمريڪن ثقافتي طور تي انهن جي مقامي ماڻهن، تاريخي لاڳاپو آئيبيرين پیننسولا ۽ آفريڪا سان ۽ دنيا جي چوڌاري مهاجرن جی لهرن کان متاثر آهن . ڏکڻ آمريڪي قومن ۾ موسيقي جي هڪ امير قسم آهي. ڪجھ مشهور صنفن ۾ ڪولمبيا کان ويلناٽو ۽ ڪومبيا، ڪولمبيا ۽ ايڪواڊور کان پاسيلو، برازيل مان سامبا، بوسا نووا ۽ ميوزڪ سرٽينيجا، وينزويلا مان جوروپو ۽ ارجنٽائن ۽ يوراگوئي مان ٽانگو شامل آھن. پڻ مشهور آهي غير تجارتي لوڪ صنف نوويا ڪنشيون (Nueva Canción) تحريڪ جيڪا ارجنٽائن ۽ چلي ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ جلدي لاطيني آمريڪا جي باقي حصن تائين پکڙجي وئي.

 
Tango show in Buenos Aires, typical Argentine dance
 
Carmen Miranda, Portuguese Brazilian singer helped popularize samba internationally.

People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon duos or trios in the most mestizo (mixed) of South American rhythms such as the Marinera (from Lima), the Tondero (from Piura), the 19th-century popular Creole Valse or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early-20th-century Paraguayan Guarania. In the late 20th century, Spanish rock emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock. Brazil has a Portuguese-language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres. In the central and western regions of Bolivia, Andean and folklore music like Diablada, Caporales and Morenada are the most representative of the country, which were originated by European, Aymara and Quechua influences.

The literature of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel García Márquez in novels and Jorge Luis Borges and Pablo Neruda in other genres. The Brazilians Machado de Assis and João Guimarães Rosa are widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writers.

Food and drink:

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Cuisine of South America

Because of South America's broad ethnic mix, South American cuisine has African, Mestizo, South Asian, East Asian, and European influences. Bahia, Brazil, is especially well known for its West African–influenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, Uruguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, and Venezuelans regularly consume wine. People in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Chile, Bolivia and Southern Brazil drink mate, an herb which is brewed. The Paraguayan version, terere, differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. Pisco is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Italian, African, Arab, Andean, and Amazonic food.

Plastic arts:

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Art of South America
 
Bird (UOB Plaza, Singapore), sculpture of Colombian artist Fernando Botero
 
"Chromovegetal Maze" by Carlos Cruz Diez, in Caracas

The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín (1919–1999) from Ecuador, represented with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America[54] highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world. The Colombian Fernando Botero (1932–2023) was one of the greatest exponents of painting and sculpture was able to develop a recognizable style of his own.[55] For his part, the Venezuelan Carlos Cruz-Diez has contributed significantly to contemporary art,[56] with the presence of works around the world.

Currently several emerging South American artists are recognized by international art critics: Guillermo Lorca – Chilean painter,[57][58] Teddy Cobeña – Ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpture award in France)[59][60][61] and Argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas[62][63] – winner of the Zurich Museum Art Award among many others.

Sport:

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Sport in South America
 
Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America, with football being the most popular overall, while baseball is the most popular in Venezuela.

Other sports include basketball, cycling, polo, volleyball, futsal, motorsports, rugby (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay), handball, tennis, golf, field hockey, boxing, and cricket.

South America hosted its first Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2016, and has hosted the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2018. A multi-sport event, the South American Games, are held every four years. The first edition was held in La Paz in 1978 and the most recent took place in Santiago in 2014.

South America shares, with Europe, supremacy over football: all winners in the FIFA World Cup and FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil has won the FIFA World Cup a record five times; Argentina three times, Uruguay twice. Five South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). Two were in Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978). South America is home to the longest-running international football tournament, the Copa América, which has been contested since 1916. Argentina and Uruguay have won the Copa América 15 times each, the most among all countries.

South American Cricket Championship is an international one-day cricket tournament played since 1995 featuring national teams from South America and certain other invited sides including teams from North America, currently played annually but until 2013 was usually played every two seasons.

پڻ ڏسو

سنواريو

• اينڊيز جبلن جو سلسلو

• ايمازون دریاھہ

خارجي لنڪس

سنواريو
ڏکڻ آمريڪا بابت وڌيڪ ڏسو وڪيپيڊيا جي ڀينر رٿائن ۾:
  معني ڏسو وِڪِشنري تي
  تصويرون ۽ وڊيو ڏسو وڪي ڪامنز تي
  تربيتي مواد ڏسو وڪي ورسٽي تي
  نيوز اسٽوريز وڪي نيوز تان
  چَوِڻيون Quotations وڪي ڪوٽ تان
  سورس ٽيڪسٽس وڪي سورس تان
  درسي ڪتاب وڪي ڪتاب تان

حوالا

سنواريو
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. حاصل ڪيل 10 September 2017. 
  2. ↑ "GDP Nominal, current prices". International Monetary Fund. وقت 25 February 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 January 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  3. ↑ "GDP PPP, current prices". International Monetary Fund. وقت 22 January 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 January 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  4. ↑ "Nominal GDP per capita". International Monetary Fund. وقت 11 January 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 January 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  5. ↑ Schenoni, Luis L. (1 January 1970). "Unveiling the South American Balance". Estudos Internacionais 2(2): 215–232.. https://www.academia.edu/12944490. Retrieved 8 December 2016. 
  6. ↑ Holsti 1996, p. 155
  7. ↑ Franchi, Tássio; Ferreira Glaser Migon, Eduardo Xavier; Jiménez Villarreal, Roberto Xavier (2017). "Taxonomy of interstate conflicts: is South America a peaceful region?". Brazilian Political Science Review 2 (11). doi:10.1590/1981-3821201700020008. 
  8. ↑ "GDP Nominal, current prices". International Monetary Fund. حاصل ڪيل 6 March 2018. 
  9. ↑ "GDP PPP, current prices". International Monetary Fund. حاصل ڪيل April 20, 2018. 
  10. ↑ "Nominal GDP per capita". International Monetary Fund. حاصل ڪيل April 20, 2018. 
  11. ↑ ڈی کے اسٹوڈنٹس اٹلس، ناشر: ڈی کے پبلشنگ انکارپوریٹڈ، آئی ایس بی این 0789490528
  12. ↑ Tungodden, Bertil; Stern, Nicholas Herbert; Stern, Nicholas; Kolstad, Ivar (2004) (en ۾). Toward Pro-poor Policies: Aid, Institutions, and Globalization. World Bank Publications. p. 219. ISBN 978-0821353882. https://books.google.com/books?id=R1KBWX329uIC&q=late+19th+century+most+democratic+South+American+countries&pg=PA219. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 
  13. ↑ "Globalpolicy.org". Globalpolicy.org. وقت 29 April 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 October 2010.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  14. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto3
  15. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto2
  16. ↑ "How many power plants do we have in Brazil?". وقت 31 October 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  17. ↑ "Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019 – Sala de Imprensa – ANEEL". www.aneel.gov.br. وقت 13 April 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  18. ↑ "Uso de água em termoelétricas" (PDF) (ٻولي ۾ Portuguese). وقت 1 April 2018 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. 
  19. ↑ "O BNDES e a questão energética e logística da Região Sudeste" (PDF). وقت 9 July 2020 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  20. ↑ "Power: World's biggest hydroelectric facility". وقت 19 May 2006 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. 
  21. ↑ "Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Fevereiro/2021" (PDF) (ٻولي ۾ Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. صفحا. 6, 14. وقت 10 April 2021 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 7 April 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  22. ↑ "Eólica supera 22 GW em operação no Brasil" (ٻولي ۾ Portuguese). Megawhar. حاصل ڪيل 2 August 2022. 
  23. ↑ "Brasil é o país com melhor fator de aproveitamento da energia eólica" (pt-BR ۾). Governo do Brasil. http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/infraestrutura/2014/12/brasil-e-o-pais-com-melhor-fator-de-aproveitamento-da-energia-eolica. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Invest in Brazil" (en-US ۾). Capital Invest: Top M&A Financial Advisors in Brazil (Sao Paulo). 23 August 2018. https://www.capitalinvest-group.com/en/invest-in-brazil-ma-guide/. 
  25. ↑ "Boletim Trimestral de Energia Eólica – Junho de 2020" (PDF) (ٻولي ۾ Portuguese). Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. صفحو. 4. وقت 11 August 2021 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 October 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?". وقت 31 October 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  27. ↑ "Ventos promissores a caminho". revistapesquisa.fapesp.br. وقت 29 November 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  28. ↑ "Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates". وقت 14 August 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  29. ↑ Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021
  30. ↑ "Global wind statistics" (PDF). IRENA. حاصل ڪيل 22 April 2022. 
  31. ↑ Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, Wind Power generation
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021" (PDF). وقت 24 August 2021 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 April 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  33. ↑ "Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95". Uranium Information Centre. وقت 8 February 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 19 May 2007.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  34. ↑ "Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors". Mecropress. وقت 19 February 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 19 May 2007.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  35. ↑ "Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? – Sharenergy" (pt-BR ۾). Sharenergy. 3 February 2017. http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/. 
  36. ↑ "Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Setembro/2020" (PDF) (ٻولي ۾ Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS. صفحا. 6, 13. وقت 2 November 2020 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 21 October 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  37. ↑ Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022
  38. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 October 2023). "Renewable Energy". Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy. 
  39. ↑ "Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021" (PDF). صفحو. 41. وقت 24 August 2021 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 May 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  40. ↑ "International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. وقت 27 June 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  41. ↑ "IEA. Key World Energy Statistics 2014. Natural Gas." (PDF). وقت 21 October 2014 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. 
  42. ↑ "html CIA. The World Factbook. Natural gas – production.". [مئل ڳنڍڻو]
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Anuário CNT do Transporte". anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br. وقت 11 November 2019 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  44. ↑ "Transporte en Cifras Estadísticas 2015". وقت 27 January 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  45. ↑ "Carta Caminera 2017" (PDF). وقت 14 April 2021 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  46. ↑ "A Gap in the Andes: Image of the Day". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. وقت 2 February 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 22 January 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  47. ↑ Andrade, Artur Luiz. "Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina". Portal Panrotas. وقت 11 January 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  48. ↑ "Port Activity of Latin America and the Caribbean 2018" (PDF). وقت 14 January 2021 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 4 December 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  49. ↑ "Brazil – The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. وقت 12 August 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 January 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  50. ↑ "Ministerio de transporte". continuidad-mintrans.nexura.com. وقت 14 June 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 26 August 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  51. ↑ Lin, Luna (10 September 2014). "A short history of world metro systems – in pictures". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/sep/10/-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul. 
  52. ↑ "Guía del Viajero" (ٻولي ۾ Spanish). Metro de Santiago. وقت 28 March 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 3 July 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  53. ↑ "Metro – Passengers" (ٻولي ۾ Portuguese). Companhia Do Metropolitano De São Paulo. وقت 15 February 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 June 2014.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  54. ↑ "Guayasamín, el pintor ecuatoriano que retrató los sufrimientos latinoamericanos". Andes, Agencia de Noticias. http://www.andes.info.ec/es/noticias/guayasamin-pintor-ecuatoriano-retrato-sufrimiento-pueblos-latinoamericanos.html. 
  55. ↑ "Fenando Botero, Sala de Exposciones, Bilbao". Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao. وقت 28 February 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 30 May 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  56. ↑ "Carlos Cruz-Díez redefines colour with new work". Wallpaper*. وقت 25 June 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 30 May 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  57. ↑ "Museo de Bellas Artes de Chile" (PDF). Museo de Bellas Artes. وقت 20 October 2016 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 April 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  58. ↑ Oda Marín, Loreto. "Pintor Guillermo Lorca: "para un artista el miedo a que ignoren tu obra es terrible"". Life style (ٻولي ۾ Spanish). America Economia. وقت 28 February 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 30 May 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  59. ↑ "Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas del público". Europa Press. 19 December 2016. http://www.europapress.es/comunicados/empresas-00908/noticia-comunicadolas-esculturas-teddy-cobena-favoritas-publico-20161219153436.html. 
  60. ↑ "Teddy Cobeña lleva sus esculturas a Paris". El Universo. http://www.eluniverso.com/vida-estilo/2015/06/12/nota/4956348/teddy-cobena-lleva-sus-esculturas-paris. 
  61. ↑ "Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas en Francia". EFE. 19 December 2016. http://www.efe.com/efe/espana/comunicados/las-esculturas-de-teddy-cobena-favoritas-del-publico/10004010-MULTIMEDIAE_3129103. 
  62. ↑ "Adrián Villar Rojas o cómo convertir las ruinas en un éxito planetario". La Nacion. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1795873-adrian-villar-rojas-o-como-convertir-las-ruinas-en-un-exito-planetario. 
  63. ↑ "Tiempo-ficción de Adrián Villar Rojas". El Cultural. 14 January 2016. http://www.elcultural.com/noticias/arte/Tiempo-ficcion-de-Adrian-Villar-Rojas/8790. 


حوالي جي چڪ: "lower-alpha" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="lower-alpha"/> نہ مليو

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