ڪارل لينئي

ڪارل لينئي (Carl Linnaeus) 23 مئي، 1707ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 10 جنوري، 1778ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين. ھن کي معزز مقام ھجڻ ڪري "ڪارل وان ليني" سان پڻ سڏيندا هئا. لينئي سويڊن جو مشھور ماھر نباتات ۽ ماھر حيوانات ۽ طبيب هو جنھن جاندارن ۽ ٻوٽن کي حياتياتي نالا ڏئي ۽ انھن جي نالن جو جديد نظام، بائينوميئل نومنڪليچر، ترتيب ڏنو، جنھن ڪري کيس جديد ٽيڪسانومي جو ابو سمجھيو ويندو آھي. ھن جون اڪثر لکڻيون لاطيني ٻولي منجھ آھن ان ڪري ھن جو نالو لاطيني ۾ ڪارلوس لينوئي (سال 1761ع جي بعد ڪارلوس ليني) سڏيو ويندو هو.

ڪارل لينئي Carl Linnaeus
ڪارل وان لينئي جي آئل پينٽنگ
پيدائش	23 مئي 1707(1707-05-23) رئشولٽ، اسٽينبرولٽ پارش، سويڊن
وفات	10 جنوري 1778 (عمر 70 سال) ھئماربي، ڊينمارڪ پارش، اپسالا جي ٻاهران، سويڊن
مدفن	اپسالا ڪئٿيڊرل 59°51′29″N 17°38′00″E
رھائش	سويڊن
قوميت	سوئيڊش
شھريت	سوئيڊن
مادر علمي	لنڊ يونيورسٽي اپسالا يونيورسٽي يونيورسٽي آف ھارڊروڪ
شھرت جو ڪارڻ	بائينوميئل نومنڪليچر سائنسي درجابندي ٽيڪسانومي لينئي جي گلن جي گھڙي
جيون ساٿي	سارا ايلزبيٿ مورائيا
ٻار ٻچا	7
'سائنسي پيشو'
شعبو	علم نباتات علم حياتيات علم حيوانات
ادارا	اپسالا يونيورسٽي
ٿيسز جو موضوع	وقتن سان ٿيندڙ تپ، ٽائيفائيڊ جو مفروضو (1735ع)
مشھور شاگرد	پيٽر ايسڪينيئس
ليکڪ جو حوالو	L.
ليکڪ جو حوالو	Linnaeus
سڃاڻپ نشان

ھي ڏکڻ سويڊن جي علائقي سمئيلنڊ جي ٻھراڙيءَ ۾ پيدا ٿيو. ھن پنھنجي تعليم اپسالا يونيورسٽي مان حاصل ڪئي ۽ ساڳي يونيورسٽيءَ ۾ سال 1730ع کان ليڪچر ڏيڻ شروع ڪيا. سال 1735ع کان 1738ع تائين ملڪ کان ٻاھر، نيدرلينڊز ۾ رھيو، جتي ھن وڌيڪ تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ پنھنجي جڳ مشھور ڪتاب، "قدرت جو نظام" (Systema Naturae) ڇپايو. پوء سوئيڊن موٽي اپسالا يونيورسٽي ۾ علم نباتات ۽ طب جو پروفيسر ٿيو. سال 1740ع ۾ ھن سويڊن منجھ ڪيترائي سفر ڪيا جن ۾ ھن کوڙ نباتاتي ۽ حيواناتي جنسن جي سڃاڻپ ڪئي. ھي پنھنجي وفات وقت يورپ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل سائنسدان ھيو. فلاسافر جين جيڪس روسو کيس نياپو موڪليو ھيو تہ؛

 "کيس ٻڌائجو تہ مان ڌرتي تي ان کان وڌيڪَ  ڪوبہ عظيم ماڻھو نہ ڄاتو آھي."

جوهان ولف گينگ وون گوئٽي لکيو آهي ته:

”شيڪسپيئر ۽ اسپنوزا کان سواءِ، مان ڪنهن کي به نه ٿو ڄاڻان، جنهن مون کي وڌيڪ متاثر ڪيو هجي." 

سويڊن جي ليکڪ آگسٽ اسٽرينڊبرگ لکيو آهي ته:

”لينيئس حقيقت ۾ هڪ شاعر هو، جيڪو فطرت پرست بڻجي ويو."

لينئي (Linnaeus) کي علم نباتات جو شهزادو (Princeps botanicorum) ۽ "اتر جو پليني" به سڏيو ويندو آهي. هن کي پڻ جديد ماحوليات جي باني مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. نباتاتيات ۾، مخفف، "L." لينئي کي جنس جي نالي لاءِ اختيار ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. زولوجي ۾، مخفف "Linnaeus" عام طور تي استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي؛ مخفف L.،Linnæus ۽ Linné پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. پراڻن اشاعتن ۾، مخفف "Linn." مليو آهي. لينئي جي باقيات جو هڪ قسم جو نمونو هومو سيپيئنز جي نسلن لاءِ بين الاقوامي ضابطي جي حيوانياتي نالا ڏيڻ جي پٺيان آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو واحد نمونو آهي جنهن کي هن معلوم ڪيو آهي ته هو پاڻ هو.

لينئي جا اپاسٽل

اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو Apostles of Linnaeus

Carl Peter Thunberg was a VOC physician and an apostle of Linnaeus.

Peter Forsskål was among the apostles who met a tragic fate abroad.

During Linnaeus's time as Professor and Rector of Uppsala University, he taught many devoted students, 17 of whom he called "apostles". They were the most promising, most committed students, and all of them made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with his help. The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a scholarship or a place on an expedition. To most of the apostles he gave instructions of what to look for on their journeys. Abroad, the apostles collected and organised new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus's system. Most of them also gave some of their collection to Linnaeus when their journey was finished. Thanks to these students, the Linnaean system of taxonomy spread through the world without Linnaeus ever having to travel outside Sweden after his return from Holland. The British botanist William T. Stearn notes, without Linnaeus's new system, it would not have been possible for the apostles to collect and organise so many new specimens. Many of the apostles died during their expeditions.

Early expeditions

Christopher Tärnström, the first apostle and a 43-year-old pastor with a wife and children, made his journey in 1746. He boarded a Swedish East India Company ship headed for China. Tärnström never reached his destination, dying of a tropical fever on Côn Sơn Island the same year. Tärnström's widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless, causing Linnaeus to prefer sending out younger, unmarried students after Tärnström. Six other apostles later died on their expeditions, including Pehr Forsskål and Pehr Löfling.

Two years after Tärnström's expedition, Finnish-born Pehr Kalm set out as the second apostle to North America. There he spent two-and-a-half years studying the flora and fauna of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Canada. Linnaeus was overjoyed when Kalm returned, bringing back with him many pressed flowers and seeds. At least 90 of the 700 North American species described in Species Plantarum had been brought back by Kalm.

Cook expeditions and Japan

Apostle Daniel Solander (far left) with Joseph Banks (left, sitting) accompanied James Cook (centre) on his journey to Australia.

Daniel Solander was living in Linnaeus's house during his time as a student in Uppsala. Linnaeus was very fond of him, promising Solander his eldest daughter's hand in marriage. On Linnaeus's recommendation, Solander travelled to England in 1760, where he met the English botanist Joseph Banks. With Banks, Solander joined James Cook on his expedition to Oceania on the Endeavour in 1768–71. Solander was not the only apostle to journey with James Cook; Anders Sparrman followed on the Resolution in 1772–75 bound for, among other places, Oceania and South America. Sparrman made many other expeditions, one of them to South Africa.

Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was Carl Peter Thunberg, who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770. He stayed in South Africa for three years, then travelled to Japan. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the island of Dejima outside Nagasaki, so it was thus hard for Thunberg to study the flora. He did, however, manage to persuade some of the translators to bring him different plants, and he also found plants in the gardens of Dejima. He returned to Sweden in 1779, one year after Linnaeus's death.

خارجي لنڪس

Wikispecies has information related to:

ڪارل لينئي

سانچو:Wikisource author Carl Linnaeus tourism سفري راهنما منجانب وڪي سفر Wikivoyage

سوانح عمريون

• Biography at the Department of Systematic Botany, University of Uppsala
• Biography at The Linnean Society of London
• Biography from the University of California Museum of Paleontology
• A four-minute biographical video from the London Natural History Museum on YouTube
• Biography from Taxonomic Literature, 2nd Edition. 1976–2009.

ماخذ

• سانچو:Gutenberg author
• سانچو:Internet Archive author
• The Linnean Society of London
• The Linnaeus Apostles
• The Linnean Collections
• The Linnean Correspondence
• Linnaeus's Disciples and Apostles
• The Linnaean Dissertations
• Linnean Herbarium
• The Linnaeus Tercentenary
• Works by Carl von Linné at the Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Digital edition: "Critica Botanica" by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
• Digital edition: "Classes plantarum seu systemata plantarum" by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
• Oratio de telluris habitabilis incremento آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 29 October 2020 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. (1744) – full digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library

ٻيا

• Linnaeus was depicted by Jay Hosler in a parody of Peanuts titled "Good ol' Charlie Darwin".
• The 15 March 2007 issue of Nature featured a picture of Linnaeus on the cover with the heading "Linnaeus's Legacy" and devoted a substantial portion to items related to Linnaeus and Linnaean taxonomy.
• A tattoo of Linnaeus's definition of the order Primates (آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2 December 2010 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.) mentioned by Carl Zimmer
• Ginkgo biloba tree at the University of Harderwijk, said to have been planted by Linnaeus in 1735
• SL Magazine, Spring 2018 features an article by Nicholas Sparks, librarian, Collection Strategy and Development titled "Origins of Taxonomy", describing a generous donation from the Linnean Society of NSW to supplement the State Library of New South Wales's collections on Carl Linnaeus of documents, photographs, prints and drawings as well as a fine portrait of Linnaeus painted about 1800.