ڪشمير
ڪشمير (Kashmir) ڏکڻ ايشيا جو ھڪ علائقو آهي جيڪو ھن وقت پاڪستان ۽ ڀارت وچ ۾ ورھايل آھي ۽ ٻئي ملڪ ان جا دعويدار آھن. تاريخي طور تي ڪشمير لفظ ھماليه جي اولھندي پڇڙي جي ڏکڻ ۽ پير پنجال جبلن جو سلسلو جي وچ ۾ واقع ھڪ وادي لاء استعمال ٿيندو ھو پر ھاڻي اھو ھڪ وڏي علائقي لاء استعمال ٿيندو آهي جنھن ۾ ڀارت جي قبضي ۾ جمون ۽ ڪشمير (جنھن ۾ ڪشمير جي وادي، جمون ريجن ۽ لداخ شامل آهن) واري رياست، پاڪستان جي قبضي وارو آزاد ڪشمير ۽ گلگت بلتستان ۽ چين جي قبضي ۾ اڪسائي چن ۽ قراقرم ٽريڪٽ اچي وڃن ٿا. ڪشمير جي ٽنھي ملڪن واري علائقي جي گڏيل پکيڙ 2,30,166.1 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ڪشمير جي وادي گھٽ زرخيز، جبلن ۾ گھيريل ۽ ندين وارو علائقو آهي پر اھو قدرتي حسن ۽ سادي زندگي جي ڪري پوري دنيا ۾ مشھور آھي. اھا پاڪستان ۽ ڀارت جي تڪراري سرحدي علائقي جو پڻ حصو آهي.
| علائقائي تڪرار ٻيا نالا: جمون ۽ ڪشمير، آزاد ڪشمير، لداخ | |
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| جاگرافي | |
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| مقام | ڏکڻ ايشيا |
| انتظام ھيٺ | |
| پاڪستان ڀارت چين | |
| دعويدار ملڪ | |
| پاڪستان | |
| جمون ۽ ڪشمير، لداخ | |
| ڀارت | |
| آزاد ڪشمير ۽ گلگت بلتستان | |
1820ع ۾ سک سلطنت، رنجيت سنگهه جي ماتحت، ڪشمير تي قبضو ڪيو. 1846ع ۾ پهرين اينگلو-سک جنگ ۾ سکن جي شڪست کان پوءِ ۽ امرتسر جي معاهدي تحت انگريزن کان اهو علائقو خريد ڪرڻ بعد، ڄمون جو راجا گلاب سنگهه ڪشمير جو نئون حڪمران ٿيو. هن جي اولاد جي حڪمراني، برطانوي تاج جي بالادستي (يا سرپرستي) تحت، 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي ورهاڱي تائين جاري رهي، جڏهن برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت جي اڳوڻي شاهي رياست هڪ تڪراري علائقو بڻجي ويو، جيڪو هاڻي ٽن ملڪن جي انتظام هيٺ آهي: چين، هندستان ۽ پاڪستان.
نالو
سنواريونالو "ڪشمير" سنسڪرت مان نڪتل سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان کي ڪاشميرا سڏيو ويو آهي. ڪشمير جي هڪ مشهور مقامي لفظي معنيٰ آهي ته اها زمين پاڻيءَ کان خالي آهي. پراڻ ۾ لکيل آهي تہ ان وادي جي ابتدا پاڻي مان ٿي ھئي. لفظ "ڪا" جي معنيَ آھي پاڻي ۽ لفظ "شمير" جي معنيَ آهي ترڪ ڪرڻ. اھڙي طرح ڪشمير جي معنيَ آھي پاڻي کان خالي سر زمين. هڪ متبادل اصطلاح ويدڪ ڪشياپا مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن کي مڃيو وڃي ٿو ته اها سر زمين تي آباد ٿيل ماڻهن طرف اشارو آهي. ان جي مطابق، ڪشمير يا ته ڪشياپا-مير (ڪشياپا جي ڍنڍ) يا ڪشياپا-ميرو (ڪشياپا جو جبل) مان نڪتل هوندو. هن لفظ جو حوالو هڪ هندو صحيف منتر ۾ ڏنو ويو آهي جنهن ۾ هندو ديوي شاردا جي پوڄا جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي ته هو ڪشمير جي سرزمين ۾ رهندي هئي يا شايد شاردا پيٿ جو حوالو هجي.
قديم يوناني هن علائقي کي ڪاسپيريا (Kasperia) سڏيندا هئا. ڪشمير پڻ مڃيو وڃي ٿو ته بطليموس جي ڪاسپيريا مان مراد ملڪ آهي. سڀ کان پهرئين متن جنهن ۾ ڪشمير جي نالي جو سڌو سنئون ذڪر آهي، اهو اشتاڌيائي ۾ آهي، جيڪو پانيني پنهنجي سنسڪرت جي گرامر جي ڪتاب ۾ پنجين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ لکيو هو. پانيني ڪشمير جي ماڻهن کي ڪشميري سڏيو. هوئنسانگ، ٻڌ ڌرم جو عالم ۽ چيني سياح، ڪشمير کي ڪِيا-شي-ميلو سڏين ٿو جڏهن ته ڪجهه ٻين چيني اڪائونٽن ڪشمير جو حوالو ڪي-پن (يا چپن يا جپِن) ۽ ايشي-پن جي نالي سان ڪيو آهي. ڪشميري ٻوليءَ ۾ ڪشمير کي ڪشير چيو ويندو آهي.
اصطلاحات هندستان جي حڪومت ۽ هندستاني ذريعن پاڪستان جي قبضي هيٺ علائقي کي "پاڪستان جي قبضي واري ڪشمير" (POK) طور حوالو ڏنو آهي. پاڪستان جي حڪومت ۽ پاڪستاني ذريعا هندستان جي انتظام هيٺ ڪشمير جي حصي کي "انڊين-قبضو ٿيل ڪشمير: (IOK) جو حوالو ڏين ٿا؛ اصطلاح "پاڪستان-انتظام ھيٺ ڪشمير" ۽ "هندستان-انتظام ھيٺ ڪشمير" اڪثر غير جانبدار ذريعن طرفان، هر ملڪ جي ڪنٽرول هيٺ ڪشمير واري علائقي جي حصن لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن.
تاريخ
سنواريوپهرين صدي عيسويءَ جي پهرين اڌ ۾، ڪشمير جو علائقو هندومت جو هڪ اهم مرڪز ۽ بعد ۾؛ موريا ۽ ڪشن جي دور ۾، ٻڌمت جو مرڪز بڻجي ويو. بعد ۾ نائين صدي عيسوي ۾، ڪرڪوتا خاندان جي دور ۾، شيوزم جي مقامي روايت پيدا ٿي. اهو هندو راڄ جي ستن صدين ۾ اڀريو، اتپال ۽ لوهارا خاندانن جي ماتحت جاري رهيو ۽ 14هين صدي عيسويء جي وچ ۾ ختم ٿي ويو. ڪشمير ۾ اسلام جي پکيڙ 13هين صدي عيسويء جي دوران شروع ٿي، 14هين ۽ 15هين صدي عيسويء دوران مسلم حڪمراني جي تحت تيز ٿي ۽ خطي ۾ ڪشميري شيوزم جي آخري زوال جو سبب بڻيو.
سال 1339ع ۾ شاهه مير ڪشمير جو پهريون مسلمان حڪمران ٿيو، جنهن شاهه مير خاندان جي شروعات ڪئي. ايندڙ پنجن صدين تائين، مسلمان حڪمران ڪشمير تي حڪومت ڪئي، جنهن ۾ مغل سلطنت، جنهن 1586ع کان 1751ع تائين حڪومت ڪئي ۽ افغان دراني سلطنت، جنهن سال 1747ع کان 1819ع تائين حڪومت ڪئي. سال 1819ع ۾ سک، رنجيت سنگهه جي ماتحت، ڪشمير تي قبضو ڪيو.
سال 1846ع ۾ پهرين اينگلو-سک جنگ ۾ سکن جي شڪست کان پوءِ، لاهور جو معاهدو ٿيو ۽ امرتسر جي معاهدي تحت انگريزن کان اهو علائقو خريد ڪرڻ تي، ڄمون جو راجا گلاب سنگهه ڪشمير جو نئون حڪمران ٿيو. هن جي اولاد جي حڪمراني، برطانوي تاج جي بالادستي (يا سرپرستي) تحت، 1947ع تائين جاري رهي، جڏهن اڳوڻي شاهي رياست هڪ تڪراري علائقو بڻجي ويو، جيڪو هاڻي ٽن ملڪن جي انتظام هيٺ آهي: هندستان، پاڪستان ۽ عوامي جمهوريه چين.
انتظامي تقسيم
سنواريو
Today Kashmir is split, as follows:
- The Republic of India controls the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is made of the Jammu region, the Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh. Pakistan refers to this as Indian-occupied Kashmir, Indian-controlled Kashmir, Indian-annexed Kashmir, or Indian-held Kashmir.
- The territories known as Northern Areas and Azad Jammu and Kashmir are administered by Pakistan. The government of Pakistan calls them Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The Republic of India refers to this as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
- The region called Aksai Chin is controlled by China.
- The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area Pakistan gave to China on 3 March 1963. Pakistan says the area was uninhabited, so there is no problem to this. India claims the swap was illegal and that the area is part of its state Jammu and Kashmir.
- The Siachen Glacier is currently a disputed territory. India controls the glacier, and Pakistan controls the valley below.
The Disputed territory of Kashmir is divided into five administrative Divisions, namely:
A group of Districts forms a Division, which is administered by a 'Divisional Commissioner'. Kashmir is now divided in twenty-one districts, grouped under five divisions jointly controlled by Pakistan and India respectively:
| Baltistan | Gilgit | Jammu | Kashmir | Ladakh |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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جاگرافي
سنواريوThe Kashmir region lies between latitudes 32° and 36° N, and longitudes 74° and 80° E. It has an area of 68,000 sq mi (180,000 km2).[44] It is bordered to the north and east by China (Xinjiang and Tibet), to the northwest by Afghanistan (Wakhan Corridor), to the west by Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab) and to the south by India (Himachal Pradesh and Punjab).[45]
The topography of Kashmir is mostly mountainous. It is traversed mainly by the Western Himalayas. The Himalayas terminate in the western boundary of Kashmir at Nanga Parbat. Kashmir is traversed by three rivers namely Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. These river basins divide the region into three valleys separated by high mountain ranges. The Indus valley forms the north and north-eastern portion of the region which include bare and desolate areas of Baltistan and Ladakh. The upper portion of the Jhelum valley forms the proper Vale of Kashmir surrounded by high mountain ranges. The Chenab valley forms the southern portion of the Kashmir region with its denuded hills towards the south. It includes almost all of the Jammu region. High altitude lakes are frequent at high elevations. Lower down in the Vale of Kashmir there are many freshwater lakes and large areas of swamplands which include Wular Lake, Dal Lake and Hokersar near Srinagar.[46]
نباتات ۽ جانور
سنواريوKashmir has a recorded forest area of 20,230 square kilometres (7,810 sq mi) along with some national parks and reserves. The forests vary according to the climatic conditions and the altitude. Kashmir forests range from the tropical deciduous forests in the foothills of Jammu and Muzafarabad, to the temperate forests throughout the Vale of Kashmir and to the alpine grasslands and high altitude meadows in Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh.[55][56] The Kashmir region has four well defined zones of vegetation in the tree growth, due to the difference in elevation. The tropical forests up to 1500 m, are known as the Phulai (Acacia modesta) and Olive (Olea cuspid ata) Zone. There occur semi-deciduous species of Shorea robusta, Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Albizia lebbeck, Garuga pinnata, Terminalia bellirica and T. tomentosa and Pinus roxburghii are found at higher elevations. The temperate zone between (1,500–3,500 m) is referred as the Chir Pine (Finns longifolia). This zone is dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.) and Rhododendron spp. The Blue Pine (Finns excelsa) Zone with Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana occur at elevations between 2,800 and 3,500 m. The Birch (Betula utilis) Zone has Herbaceous genera of Anemone, Geranium, Iris, Lloydia, Potentilla and Primula interspersed with dry dwarf alpine scrubs of Berberis, Cotoneaster, Juniperus and Rhododendron are prevalent in alpine grasslands at 3,500 m and above.[46][57]
Kashmir is referred as a beauty spot of the medicinal and herbaceous flora in the Himalayas.[58] There are hundreds of different species of wild flowers recorded in the alpine meadows of the region.[46] The botanical garden and the tulip gardens of Srinagar built in the Zabarwans grow 300 breeds of flora and 60 varieties of tulips respectively. The later is considered as the largest Tulip Garden of Asia.[59][60]
Kashmir region is home to rare species of animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. The Dachigam National Park in the Valley holds the last viable population of Kashmir stag (Hangul) and the largest population of black bear in Asia.[61] In Gilgit-Baltistan the Deosai National Park is designated to protect the largest population of Himalayan brown bears in the western Himalayas.[62] Snow leopards are found in high density In the Hemis National Park in Ladakh.[63] The region is home to musk deer, markhor, leopard cat, jungle cat, red fox, jackal, Himalayan wolf, serow, Himalayan yellow-throated marten, long-tailed marmot, Indian porcupine, Himalayan mouse-hare, langur and Himalayan weasel. At least 711 bird species are recorded in the valley alone with 31 classified as globally threatened species.[64][65]
آباديات
سنواريوColonial era In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was 2,905,578. Of these, 2,154,695 (74.16%) were Muslims, 689,073 (23.72%) Hindus, 25,828 (0.89%) Sikhs, and 35,047 (1.21%) Buddhists (implying 935 (0.032%) others).
The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 60% of the population.[66] In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "524 in every 10,000 of the population (i.e. 5.24%), and in the frontier wazarats of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)."[66] In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% and the Hindu population 60,641.[66] Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "Brahmans (186,000), the Rajputs (167,000), the Khattris (48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000)."[66]
In the 1911 Census of the British Indian Empire, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu had increased to 3,158,126. Of these, 2,398,320 (75.94%) were Muslims, 696,830 (22.06%) Hindus, 31,658 (1%) Sikhs, and 36,512 (1.16%) Buddhists. In the last census of British India in 1941, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu (which as a result of the Second World War, was estimated from the 1931 census) was 3,945,000. Of these, the total Muslim population was 2,997,000 (75.97%), the Hindu population was 808,000 (20.48%), and the Sikh 55,000 (1.39%).[67]
The Kashmiri Pandits, the only Hindus of the Kashmir valley, who had stably constituted approximately 4 to 5% of the population of the valley during Dogra rule (1846–1947), and 20% of whom had left the Kashmir valley to other parts of India in the 1950s,[68] underwent a complete exodus in the 1990s due to the Kashmir insurgency. According to a number of authors, approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that decade.[69][70][71] Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150 thousand,[72] to 190 thousand of a total Pandit population of 200 thousand (200,000),[73] to a number as high as 300 thousand (300,000).[74]
Religion
سنواريو88% of the people in Kashmir are Muslim and Islam is the majority religion of the territory. The other religions are Hinduism followed by 7% of the population and Sikhism followed by 5%. During the reign of the Shah Miri dynasty of Kashmir starting in the 13th century, Islam was firmly established in Kashmir.
معيشت
سنواريو
Kashmir's economy is centred around agriculture, like that of Pakistan. Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people. In addition, corn, wheat, barley and oats were also grown. Given its temperate climate, it is suited for crops like Asparagus, Artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarlet runners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the cultivated orchards yield pears, apples, peaches, and cherries. The chief trees are deodar (National tree of Pakistan), firs and Pines, chenar (State tree) or plane, Maple, birch and Walnut, apple, cherry.
Historically, Kashmir became known worldwide when Cashmere wool was exported to other regions and nations (exports have ceased due to decreased numbers of the cashmere goat and increased competition from Western China). Kashmiris are good at knitting and making Pashmina Shawls, silk carpets, rugs, Kurtas, and Pottery. Saffron, too, is grown in Kashmir. Efforts are on to export the naturally grown fruits and vegetables as organic foods mainly to the Greater Middle East region which it forms an integral part. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, papier mache, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk.
The economy was badly damaged by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake which, as of 8 October 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-controlled part of Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in Indian controlled kashmir.
The Indian-held portion of Kashmir is believed to have potentially rich rocks containing hydrocarbon reserves.[1][2]
Tourism
سنواريوTourism has been important in Kashmir for many years. Many people call the region Paradise on Earth.[3] Tourists from all over the world visit Kashmir. In the 21st century, fewer people have visited Kashmir because of terrorism. Kashmir is regularly referred to as Jannat-e-Kashmir due to its connotation with paradise. The term Jannat-e-Kashmir is originally a Persian phrase referring to Kashmir because of the many Persian Sufi saints who visited the Kashmir Valley and wrote poems about it in Persian language. Many Sufi saints are buried in the Kashmir Valley and there are Sufi shrines everywhere in Kashmir. Kashmir's economy is centred around agriculture. Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people. In addition, Indian corn, wheat, barley and oats were also grown. Given its temperate climate, it is suited for crops like asparagus, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the cultivated orchards yield pears, apples, peaches, and cherries. The chief trees are deodar, firs and pines, chenar or plane, maple, birch and walnut, apple, cherry.
Historically, Kashmir became known worldwide when Cashmere wool was exported to other regions and nations (exports have ceased due to decreased abundance of the cashmere goat and increased competition from China). Kashmiris are well adept at knitting and making Pashmina shawls, silk carpets, rugs, kurtas, and pottery. Saffron, too, is grown in Kashmir. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, papier-mâché, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk. The economy was badly damaged by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which, as of 8 October 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in the India-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
ثقافت ۾
سنواريوIrish poet Thomas Moore's 1817 romantic poem Lalla Rookh is credited with having made Kashmir (spelt Cashmere in the poem) "a household term in Anglophone societies", conveying the idea that it was a kind of paradise.[85]
پڻ ڏسو
سنواريو- 1941 جي ڄمون ۽ ڪشمير جي مردم شماري
- ڪشمير ۾ انساني حقن جي ڀڃڪڙي
- ڪشميري
- علائقائي تڪرارن جي فهرست
خارجي لنڪس
سنواريوحوالا
سنواريو- ↑ Iftikhar Gilani. "Italian company to pursue oil exploration in Kashmir". Daily Times. حاصل ڪيل 20 November 2009.
- ↑ Ishfaq-ul-Hassan. "India, Pakistan to explore oil jointly". Daily News and Analysis. وقت 3 October 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 20 November 2009. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (مدد) - ↑ "Paradise on Earth - October 4, 2007 - The New York Sun". وقت October 9, 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل December 19, 2014. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (مدد)