وڪيپيڊيا

الخوارزمي

محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي [note 1] (فارسي: محمد بن موسى خوارزمي؛ 780-850ع)، يا صرف "الخوارزمي"، هڪ همہ دان (Polymath) هو، جنهن رياضي، فلڪيات ۽ جاگرافي ۾ عربي ٻوليءَ ۾ تمام گهڻو اثرائتو ڪم ڪيو. سال 820 عيسوي جي آس پاس، هن کي عباسي خلافت جي گاديءَ واري شهر، بغداد ۾ فلڪيات دان ۽ "دارالحڪمه" (House of Wisdom) جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو ويو.

محمد ابن موسي الخوارزمي
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

20هين صدي عيسويءَ جو الخوارزمي جي عڪاسي ڪندڙ ڪاٺ جو تختو
پيدائش 780 عيسوي
خوارزم، عباسي خلافت
وفات 850 عيسوي[1][2] (aged ~70)
بغداد، عباسي خلافت
پيشو بغداد ۾ حڪمت جي بيت، "دارالحڪمه" جو سربراهه (820ع)
علمي خدمتون
دور اسلامي سنهري دور
مُکيه دلچسپي
مُکيه ڪم
  • " الجبر" (820ع)
    • "زِجَ السنڌ والهند" (820ع)
    • "ڪتاب الصورت الارض" (833ع)
مُکيه خيال الجبرا ۽ هندي-عربي عددي سرشتي تي تحقيق
متاثر ماڻهو مصر جو ابو ڪامل[3]

الجبرا تي سندس مشهور مقالو، سال 813- 833ع جي وچ ۾ مرتب ڪيل مقالو، "الجبر" (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balanceing)، لڪير ۽ چوگرد مساواتن جو پهريون منظم حل پيش ڪيو.[6] الجبرا ۾ هن جي ڪاميابين مان هڪ هن جو مظاهرو هو ته چورس کي مڪمل ڪرڻ سان چوٿين مساواتن کي ڪيئن حل ڪيو وڃي، جنهن لاء هن جاميٽري جواز مهيا ڪيو.[7]:14 الخوارزمي پهريون شخص هو جنهن الجبرا کي هڪ آزاد نظم جي طور تي استعمال ڪيو ۽ "گهٽائي" ۽ "توازن" جا طريقا (گهٽايل اصطلاحن جي هڪ مساوات جي ٻئي پاسي منتقلي، يعني، ساڳئي شرطن جي منسوخي. مساوات جا مخالف پاسا)، متعارف ڪرايا،[8] هن کي "الجبرا جو پيءُ يا باني" طور بيان ڪيو ويو آهي. r[9][10][11]r[12][13]

انگريزي اصطلاح الجبرا سندس مٿي ذڪر ڪيل مقالي، "الجبر والمقابله" جي مختصر هٿ جي عنوان مان نڪتل آهي.[14] هن جي نالي سان انگريزي اصطلاحون، الگورزم ۽ الگورٿم کي جنم ڏنو. اسپيني، اطالوي ۽ پرتگالي اصطلاح، الگورتمو (algoritmo) ۽ اسپيني اصطلاح، گوارسمو (guarismo)[15] ۽ پرتگالي اصطلاح، الگارسمو (algarismo)، ٻنهي جي معنيٰ "انگ" آهن. 12هين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ الخوارزمي جي هندستاني رياضي تي لکيل ڪتاب جو لاطيني ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجما، ”زج السنڌ والهند“، جنهن مختلف هندستاني انگن اکرن کي ڪوڊ ڪيو، مغربي دنيا ۾ اعشاريه جي بنياد تي انگن جو نظام متعارف ڪرايو. اهڙي طرح "الجبر" جو لاطيني ۾ ترجمو انگريز اسڪالر، رابرٽ آف چيسٽر سال 1145ع ۾ ڪيو.

The English term algebra comes from the short-hand title of his aforementioned treatise (الجبر , ). His name gave rise to the English terms algorism and algorithm; the Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese terms algoritmo; and the Spanish term guarismo[16] and Portuguese term algarismo, both meaning "digit".[17]

In the 12th century, Latin-language translations of al-Khwarizmi's textbook on Indian arithmetic (سانچو:Langx), which codified the various Indian numerals, introduced the decimal-based positional number system to the Western world.[18] Likewise, Al-Jabr, translated into Latin by the English scholar Robert of Chester in 1145, was used until the 16th century as the principal mathematical textbook of European universities.[19][20][21][22]

Al-Khwarizmi revised Geography, the 2nd-century Greek-language treatise by the Roman polymath Claudius Ptolemy, listing the longitudes and latitudes of cities and localities.[23]:9 He further produced a set of astronomical tables and wrote about calendric works, as well as the astrolabe and the sundial.[24] Al-Khwarizmi made important contributions to trigonometry, producing accurate sine and cosine tables and the first table of tangents.

پڻ ڏسو

سنواريو

حوالا

سنواريو
  1. ↑ Toomer, Gerald J. (1970–1980). "al-Khuwārizmī, Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā". in Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. VII. Scribner. pp. 358–365. ISBN 978-0-684-16966-8. 
  2. ↑ Vernet, Juan (1960–2005). "Al-Khwārizmī". in Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E. et al.. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1070–1071. OCLC 399624. 
  3. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abū Kāmil Shujā' ibn Aslam" آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 11 December 2013 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
  4. ↑ Ibn Khaldūn, The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 17 September 2016 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين., Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, New York: Princeton (1958), Chapter VI:19.
  5. ↑ Knuth, Donald (1997). "Basic Concepts". The Art of Computer Programming. 1 (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-201-89683-1. 
  6. ↑ Oaks, J. (2009), "Polynomials and Equations in Arabic Algebra", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 63(2), 169–203.
  7. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Maher
  8. ↑ (Boyer 1991, "The Arabic Hegemony" p. 229) "It is not certain just what the terms al-jabr and muqabalah mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word al-jabr presumably meant something like "restoration" or "completion" and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word muqabalah is said to refer to "reduction" or "balancing" – that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation."
  9. ↑ Corbin, Henry (1998) (en ۾). The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy. North Atlantic Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-55643-269-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=_VF0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44. Retrieved 19 October 2020. 
  10. ↑ Boyer, Carl B., 1985. A History of Mathematics, p. 252. Princeton University Press. "Diophantus sometimes is called the father of algebra, but this title more appropriately belongs to al-Khowarizmi...", "...the Al-jabr comes closer to the elementary algebra of today than the works of either Diophantus or Brahmagupta..."
  11. ↑ Gandz, Solomon, The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris, i (1936), 263–277, "Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers."
  12. ↑ Katz, Victor J.. "Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching". VICTOR J.KATZ, University of the District of Columbia Washington DC, USA: 190. https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/MATH104/20010-11/HistoryOfAlgebra.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2017. "The first true algebra text which is still extant is the work on al-jabr and al-muqabala by Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, written in Baghdad around 825.". 
  13. ↑ Esposito, John L. (6 April 2000) (en ۾). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-19-988041-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC&pg=PA188. Retrieved 29 September 2020. "Al-Khwarizmi is often considered the founder of algebra, and his name gave rise to the term algorithm." 
  14. ↑ Brentjes, Sonja (1 June 2007). "Algebra" (en ۾). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/algebra-COM_0030?s.num=11&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=al+khwarazmi. Retrieved 5 June 2019. 
  15. ↑ Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Knuth, Donald (1979). Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-11157-5. http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf. 
  17. ↑ Gandz, Solomon (1926). "The Origin of the Term "Algebra"". The American Mathematical Monthly 33 (9): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2299605. ISSN 0002-9890. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2299605. 
  18. ↑ Struik 1987, p. 93
  19. ↑ Philip Khuri Hitti (2002). History of the Arabs. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 379. ISBN 978-1-137-03982-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=lQbcCwAAQBAJ. 
  20. ↑ Fred James Hill, Nicholas Awde (2003). A History of the Islamic World. Hippocrene Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7818-1015-9. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159. ""The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" (Hisab al-Jabr wa H-Muqabala) on the development of the subject cannot be underestimated. Translated into Latin during the twelfth century, it remained the principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the sixteenth century" 
  21. ↑ Shawn Overbay; Jimmy Schorer; Heather Conger. "Al-Khwarizmi". University of Kentucky. وقت 12 December 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  22. ↑ "Islam Spain and the history of technology". وقت 11 October 2018 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  23. ↑ van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert (1985). A History of Algebra: From al–Khwarizmi to Emmy Noether. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  24. ↑ Arndt 1983, p. 669


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