آسٽريليا (کنڊ)
آسٽريليا کنڊ (Continent of Australia)، ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ٽيڪنيڪل حوالن ۾، آسٽريليا جي ملڪ کان ان کي ڌار ڪرڻ لاء، سئهول، آسٽريليا-نيوگنيا، آسٽريلينائي يا ميگنيشيا جي نالن سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڏکڻ ۽ اڀرندي اڌ گول ۾ واقع آهي. کنڊ ۾ سرزمين آسٽريليا، تسمانيا، نيو گني جو ٻيٽ (پاپوا نيو گني ۽ اولهه نيو گني، انڊونيشيا)، آرو ٻيٽ، ايشمور ۽ ڪارٽيئر ٻيٽ، ڪورل سمنڊ جا اڪثر ٻيٽ ۽ ڪجھ ٻيا ويجھا ٻيٽ شامل آھن. اوشيانا جي جاگرافيائي علائقي ۾ واقع، کنڊ آسٽريليا ستن روايتي کنڊن مان ننڍو آهي.
پکيڙ | 86,00,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (7th) |
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آبادي | 3,93,57,469 |
گھاٽائي | 4.2 في چورس ڪلوميٽر 11 في چورس ميل |
جي ڊي پي (مساوي قوت خريد) | 1.5 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر |
آبادي جي سڃاڻپ | آسٽريلين/ پاپون |
ملڪ | |
ماتحت علائقا | |
ٻوليون | انگريزي، انڊونيشيائي، ٽوڪ، پيسين، هيري موٽو، 269 ديشي پاپوان ۽ آسٽرينيائي ٻوليون ۽ اٽڪل 70 انڊين آسٽريلين ٻوليون |
ٽائيم زون | UTC+8, UTC+9:30, UTC+10 |
انٽرنيٽ ڊومين | .au, .id, and .pg |
وڏا شھر |
کنڊ ۾ هڪ براعظمي شيلف شامل آهي جيڪو اونهاري سمنڊن جي مٿان چڙهندو آهي جيڪو ان کي ڪيترن ئي زميني ماڳن ۾ ورهائي ٿو؛ ارفورا سمنڊ ۽ ٽورس اسٽريٽ مين لينڊ آسٽريليا ۽ نيو گني جي وچ ۾ ۽ باس اسٽريٽ آسٽريليا ۽ تسمانيا جي وچ ۾ آهي. پليسٽوسين (Pleistocene) برفاني دور ۾ جڏهن سمنڊ جي سطح گهٽ هئي، بشمول آخري برفاني وڌ ۾ وڌ (Last Glacial Maximum) اٽڪل 18,000 ق.م. ۾، اهي خشڪ زمين ذريعي سهول جي گڏيل زميني ماس سان ڳنڍيل هئا. نالو "سهول" (Sahul)، سهول شيلف (Sahul Shelf) مان نڪتل آھي، جيڪو آسٽريليا کنڊ جي براعظمي شيلف جو ھڪڙو حصو آھي. گذريل 18,000 کان 10,000 سالن دوران، سمنڊ جي سطح جي اڀري اڀري ھيٺين علائقن کي اونڌو ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ کنڊ کي اڄ جي ھيٺئين خشڪ ۽ نيم خشڪ سرزمين ۽ نيو گني ۽ تسمانيا جي ٻن جبلن واري ٻيٽن ۾ الڳ ڪري ڇڏيو. 85 لک 60 هزار چورس ڪلوميٽر (33,10,000 چورس ميل) جي ڪل زميني ايراضيءَ سان، آسٽريليا براعظم ڌرتيءَ تي سڀ کان ننڍو ۽ ٻيو خشڪ کنڊ (انٽارڪٽيڪا کان پوءِ) آهي.
جيئن ته آسٽريليا جو ملڪ گهڻو ڪري هڪ واحد زمين تي آهي ۽ اڪثر کنڊ تي مشتمل آهي، اهو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن غير رسمي طور تي هڪ ٻيٽ براعظم طور حوالو ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪو سمنڊن سان گھريل آهي.
e continent of Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul (/səˈhuːl/), Australia-New Guinea, Australinea, or Meganesia to distinguish it from the country of Australia,[1][2][3] is located within the Southern and Eastern hemispheres.[4] The continent includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, the island of New Guinea (Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea), the Aru Islands, the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, most of the Coral Sea Islands, and some other nearby islands. Situated in the geographical region of Oceania, Australia is the smallest of the seven traditional continents.
The continent includes a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice age, including the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land into the combined landmass of Sahul. The name "Sahul" derives from the Sahul Shelf, which is a part of the continental shelf of the Australian continent. During the past 18,000 to 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. With a total land area of 8.56 ملين ڪلوميٽرزچورس (3٬310٬000 sq mi), the Australian continent is the smallest, lowest, flattest, and second-driest continent (after Antarctica) on Earth.[5] As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass, and comprises most of the continent, it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent, surrounded by oceans.[6]
Papua New Guinea, a country within the continent, is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse countries in the world.[7] It is also one of the most rural, as only 18 percent of its people live in urban centres.[8] West Papua, a region in Indonesia, is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups.[9] Australia, the largest landmass in the continent, is highly urbanised,[10] and has the world's 14th-largest economy with the second-highest human development index globally.[11][12] Australia also has the world's 9th largest immigrant population.[13][14]
حوالا
سنواريو- ↑ Heinsohn, Tom (October 2003). "Animal translocation: long-term human influences on the vertebrate zoogeography of Australasia (natural dispersal versus ethnophoresy)" (en ۾). Australian Zoologist 32 (3): 351–376. doi: . ISSN 0067-2238. http://publications.rzsnsw.org.au/doi/10.7882/AZ.2002.014.
- ↑ O'Connell, J. F; Allen, J (2004-06-01). "Dating the colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea): a review of recent research". Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (6): 835–853. doi: . ISSN 0305-4403. Bibcode: 2004JArSc..31..835O. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222681797.
- ↑ Rasmussen, Claus; Thomas, Jennifer C.; Engel, Michael S. (December 2017). "A New Genus of Eastern Hemisphere Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with a Key to the Supraspecific Groups of Indomalayan and Australasian Meliponini". American Museum Novitates (3888): 1–33. doi: . ISSN 0003-0082. https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2017/issue-3888/3888.1/A-New-Genus-of-Eastern-Hemisphere-Stingless-Bees-Hymenoptera/10.1206/3888.1.full.
- ↑ New, T.R. (2002). "Neuroptera of Wallacea: a transitional fauna between major geographical regions". Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 (2): 217–27. http://actazool.nhmus.hu/48Suppl2/newwallace.pdf.
- ↑ Agency, Digital Transformation. "The Australian continent". info.australia.gov.au. وقت 1 May 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 1 November 2021. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ Löffler, Ernst; A.J. Rose, Anneliese Löffler & Denis Warner (1983). Australia:Portrait of a Continent. Richmond, Victoria: Hutchinson Group. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-09-130460-7.
- ↑ Seetharaman, G. (13 August 2017). "Seven decades after Independence, many small languages in India face extinction threat". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/seven-decades-after-independence-many-small-languages-in-india-facing-extinction-threat/articleshow/60038323.cms.
- ↑ "World Bank data on urbanisation". World Development Indicators. World Bank. وقت 3 February 2009 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 15 July 2005.
- ↑ "BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?". Survival International. حاصل ڪيل 24 July 2015.
- ↑ "Geographic Distribution of the Population". حاصل ڪيل 1 December 2012.
- ↑ Data refer mostly to the year 2014. World Economic Outlook Database-April 2015, International Monetary Fund. Accessed on 25 April 2015.
- ↑ "Australia: World Audit Democracy Profile". WorldAudit.org. وقت 13 December 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 5 January 2008. Unknown parameter
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ignored (مدد) - ↑ Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of. "Main Features – Cultural Diversity Article". www.abs.gov.au.
- ↑ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2019). 'International Migration' in International migrant stock 2019. Accessed from International migrant stock 2015: maps on 24 May 2017.
وڪيميڊيا العام ۾ آسٽريليا (کنڊ) سان لاڳاپيل ابلاغي مواد ڏسو. |