وڪيپيڊيا

پنجاب

پنجاب جو خطو پاڪستان جي provin پنجاب پاڪستان ۽ ڀارت جي state  ڀارتي پنجاب ۾ منقسم ھڪ خطي جو نالو آھي. پنجاب تاريخي طور تي ننڍي کنڊ جي اھم خطن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو. پنجاب خطي جي اوڀر ۾ ھماچل پرديش، ھرياڻہ ۽ راجسٿان آھن، اولھ ۾ KPK، اتر ۾ ڪشمير ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سنڌ واقع آھن. پنجاب جا ماڻھو محنت ڪش آھن. ھن خطي ۾ فصلن جي وڏي مقدار سامھون ايندي آھي۔ پنجاب جي ٽي ڀاڱي چار مسلم آباد ڪيل سرزمين آھي تنھن ھوندي بہ ھڪ حصو سکن جو آباد ڪيل آھي. پنجاب کي geographically ٻن حصن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي، ھڪ اوڀاريون پنجاب ۽ ٻيو اولاھون پنجاب۔ اوڀاريون پنجاب ننڍو آھي ۽ ڀارت جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آھي ۽ اولاھون پنجاب، پنجاب جو ٽي ڀاڱي چار آھي جيڪو پاڪستان جي قبضي ۾ آھي۔

Punjab
ਪੰਜਾਬ (Punjabi Gurmukhi)
پنجاب (Punjabi Shahmukhi)
Historical region
سانچو:Pluralize from text: 
Land of the Five Rivers
سانچو:Pluralize from text
Location of Punjab in South Asia
Location of Punjab in South Asia
سانچو:Ifnoerror then show
جاگرافي بيهڪ: 31°N 74°E / 31°N 74°E / 31; 74
Countries  پاڪستان
 ڀارت
Largest city Lahore
Second largest city Faisalabad
Named after Five tributaries of the Indus River
Area
 • Total
 458,354.5 ڪ.م2 (176,971.7 ميل2)
Demographics based on British Punjab's colonial borders

پنجاب، جنهن کي "پنج دريائن جي سرزمين" به چيو ويندو آهي، ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ هڪ جيوپولٽيڪل، ثقافتي ۽ تاريخي علائقو آهي. اهو هندستاني برصغير ​​جي اتر اولهه واري حصي ۾ واقع آهي، جنهن ۾ جديد دور جي اوڀر پاڪستان ۽ اتر اولهه هندستان جا علائقا شامل آهن. پنجاب (پاڪستان) ۾ شهرن جا وڏا شهر لاهور، فيصل آباد، راولپنڊي، گوجرانوالا، ملتان، سيالڪوٽ ۽ بهاولپور آهن. جڏهن ته هندستاني پنجاب جا وڏا شهر لڌيانا، امرتسر، چندي گڑھ، جالنڌر، پٽيالا، موهالي ۽ بٿنڊا آهن. پنجاب پنجن دريائن جي ڪناري تي آباد ٿيل آبادين مان وڌيو، جيڪي قديم سنڌو ماٿري تهذيب جي شروعات ۾ ويجهي اوڀر ڏانهن هڪ اهم رستي جي طور تي ڪم ڪندا هئا، جنهن جي شروعات 5000 قبل مسيح ۾ ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ هند-آريائي ماڻهن جي لڏپلاڻ ٿي. زراعت پنجاب جي مکيه معاشي خصوصيت رهي آهي ۽ پنجابي ثقافت جي بنياد رکي ٿي. پنجاب هڪ اهم زرعي علائقي جي طور تي اڀريو، خاص طور تي 1960 جي ڏهاڪي جي وچ کان 1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين سائي انقلاب کان پوءِ، ۽ ان کي "هندستان ۽ پاڪستان ٻنهي جي ماني جي ٽوڪري" طور بيان ڪيو ويو آهي.

سانچو:Punjabis Punjab (/pʌnˈdʒɑːb[unsupported input]-ˈdʒæb[unsupported input]ˈpʊn-/; pa; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb),[lower-alpha 2] also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. Pakistan's major cities in Punjab are Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Sialkot, and Bahawalpur, while India’s are Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Patiala, Mohali, and Bathinda.

Punjab grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to سانچو:BCE,[3] followed by migrations of the Indo-Aryan peoples. Agriculture has been the chief economic feature of the Punjab and formed the foundation of Punjabi culture.[3] The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, and has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan."[3]

Punjab's history is a tapestry of conflict, marked by the rise of indigenous dynasties and empires. Following Alexander the Great's invasion in the 4th century BCE, Chandragupta Maurya allied with Punjabi republics to establish the Maurya Empire.[4] Successive reigns of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Kushan Empire, and Indo-Scythians followed, but were ultimately defeated by Eastern Punjab Janapadas such as the Yaudheya, Trigarta Kingdom, Audumbaras, Arjunayanas, and Kuninda Kingdom.[5][6] In the 5th and 6th centuries CE, Punjab faced devastating Hunnic invasions, yet the Vardhana dynasty emerged triumphant, ruling over Northern India.[7] The 8th century CE witnessed the Hindu Shahis rise, known for defeating the Saffarid dynasty and the Samanid Empire. Concurrently, the Tomara dynasty and Katoch Dynasty controlled eastern Punjab, resisting Ghaznavid invasions.[8] Islam took hold in Western Punjab under Ghaznavid rule. The Delhi Sultanate then succeeded the Ghaznavids in which the Tughlaq dynasty and Sayyid dynasty Sultans are described as Punjabi origin.[9][10] The 15th century saw the emergence of the Langah Sultanate in south Punjab, acclaimed for its victory over the Lodi dynasty.[11] After the Mughal Empire's decline in the 18th century, Punjab experienced a period of anarchy. In 1799 CE, the Sikh Empire established its rule, undertaking conquests into Kashmir and Durrani Empire held territories, shaping the diverse and complex history of Punjab.

The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts and thus the geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century Mughal Empire the Punjab region was divided into three, with the Lahore Subah in the west, the Delhi Subah in the east and the Multan Subah in the south. Under the British Raj until the Partition of India in 1947, the Punjab Province encompassed the present Indian states and union territories of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, and Delhi, and the Pakistani regions of Punjab, and Islamabad Capital Territory.

The predominant ethnolinguistic group of the Punjab region are the Punjabi people, who speak the Indo-Aryan Punjabi language. Punjabi Muslims are the majority in West Punjab (Pakistan), while Punjabi Sikhs are the majority in East Punjab (India). Other religious groups include Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Ravidassia.

پنجاب جو خطو پاڪستان ۽ ڀارت ۾ ــ

پنجاب جو خطو ڀارت ۽ پاڪستان ۾ موجود ڀارتي پنجاب ۽  پاڪستاني پنجاب ۾ منقسم ھڪ خطي جو نالو آھي۔ پنجاب تاريخي طور تي ننڍي کنڊ جي اھم خطن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو۔ پنجاب خطي جي اوڀر ۾ ھماچل پرديش، ھرياڻہ ۽ راجسٿان وغيرہ آھن ، اولھ ۾ پشتونستان ،اتر ۾ ڪشمير ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ سنڌ واقع آھي۔ پنجاب جا ماڻھو محنت ڪش آھن ۔ ھن خطي ۾ فصلن جي وڏي مقدار سامھون ايندي آھي۔ پنجاب جي ٽي ڀاڱي چار مسلم آباد ڪيل سرزمين آھي تنھن ھوندي بہ ھڪ حصو سکن جو آباد ڪيل آھي۔ پنجاب کي وڌيڪ ٻن حصن ۾ ورھايو ويو آھي، ھڪ اوڀاريون پنجاب ۽ ٻيو اولاھون پنجاب۔ اوڀاريون پنجاب ننڍو آھي ۽ ڀارت جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آھي ۽ اولاھون پنجاب، پنجاب جو ٽي ڀاڱي چار آھي جيڪو پاڪستان جي قبضي ۽ سيطرت ۾ آھي۔

پڻ ڏسو

سنواريو

فھرست ھم نالا رياستون ۽ علائقا

تصويرون

سنواريو
  1. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2011&2017Census
  2. ↑ From Persian پنج panj—meaning literally "five"—and آب âb—meaning literally "water" or "river". Thus, Panjâb, پنجاب (from Panj-Âb, پنج‌آب) translates as 'five waters'.[2]
  1. ↑ "Elections in Bihar, Campaigning in Punjab to Woo Bihari Migrants". وقت 29 March 2023 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 17 February 2024. Punjab, as per official estimates, is home to some two million migrants from Bihar. They are engaged in various jobs and occupations in Punjab. Of this, over 1.3 million are living in and around the industrial hub of Ludhiana.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  2. ↑ H K Manmohan Siṅgh. "The Punjab". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala. وقت 5 March 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 18 August 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012) (en ۾). The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7735-4070-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7. 
  4. ↑ Mookerji, Radhakumud (1 January 2016) (en ۾). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 22. ISBN 978-81-208-0433-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=t5g2EAAAQBAJ&dq=yaudheyas+chandragupta&pg=PA22. Retrieved 30 January 2023. "Rhys Davids [Buddhist India p. 267] points out that 'it was from the Panjab that Chandragupta recruited the nucleus of the force with which he besieged and conquered Dhana Nanda'" 
  5. ↑ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010) (en ۾). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-108-00941-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324. "Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas - began to coin in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics; but the coins do not all tell the same story. Those of the two sounthernmost peoples begin somewhere about 100 BC and bear the legends 'Victory of the Arjunayanas' and (on their copper issue) 'Victory of the Yaudheyas', which point to their having won independence by the sword." 
  6. ↑ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986) (en ۾). Vakataka gupta age: circa 200–550. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-208-0026-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&q=madra+republic. Retrieved 9 July 2023. 
  7. ↑ Cunningham, Alexander (23 February 2023) (en ۾). Archaeological Survey of India: Vol. 1. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 280. ISBN 978-3-382-11929-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=FN2vEAAAQBAJ&dq=alexander+cunningham+vardhana+empire&pg=PA280. Retrieved 9 July 2023. 
  8. ↑ Hutchison, John; Vogel, Jean Philippe (1994) (en ۾). History of the Panjab Hill States. Asian Educational Services. p. 123. ISBN 978-81-206-0942-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&q=diwan+i+salman+jalandhar. Retrieved 30 January 2023. 
  9. ↑ Easton, Richard M. (2019) (en ۾). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0520325128. "The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan..." 
  10. ↑ Fauja Singh (1972). History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526.. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. p. 152. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLW1AAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 9 July 2023. ""The Tughlaqs had close links with the Punjab . According to Firishta and Sujan Rai Bhandari, Tughlaq, the founder of the dynasty, was born in the Punjab to a Jat mother"" 
  11. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
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