مدد:آءِ پي اي/Spanish

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[1]	bestia, embuste, vaca, envidia, fútbol	best
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	bebé, obtuso, vivir, curva	between baby and bevy
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[1]	dedo, cuando, aldaba	dead, but putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	dádiva, arder, admirar	this
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	fase	face
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[1]	gato, lengua, guerra	got
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	trigo, amargo, sigue, signo	go, but without completely blocking airflow on the g
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[1]^[2]	ayuno	you
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[1]^[2]	cónyuge, abyecto	job
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	caña, quise, kilo	scan
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	lino	lean
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[1]^[2]	llave, pollo	million
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[3]	madre, campo, anfibio	mother
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[3]	nido, sin, álbum	need
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[3]	ñandú, enyesar	canyon
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[3]	cinco, venga	sing
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	pozo	spouse
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[4]	rumbo, carro, honra, subrayar	trilled r
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[4]	caro, bravo, partir	batter (American English)
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[5]^[6]	saco, espita, xenón	sack
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[5]	cereal, encima, zorro	thing
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	tamiz	stand, but putting the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	chubasco	choose
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[7]	afgano	van
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	jamón, general, México,^[8] hamster^[9]	Scottish loch
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[7]	isla, mismo	quiz
Marginal phonemes
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[10]	show, Rocher, Freixenet	shack
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	abertzale	cats

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	azahar	father
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	vehemente	set
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	dimitir, mío, y	see
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	boscoso	more
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	cucurucho, dúo	food

Semivowels^[11]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	aliada	yet
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.^[12]	cuadro, Huila	wine

Stress and syllabification
IPA	Examples	English approximation
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	ciudad [θjuˈðað]	domain
Script error: The function "link" does not exist.	mío [ˈmi.o]	Leo

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/, or /m/, or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003257-8).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003258) for more information.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ contrast only before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation, which is partially reflected in the orthography. The three do not contrast at the end of a word; depending on dialect, the neutralized nasal may appear as [n], [ŋ], or nasalization of the preceding vowel.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 The rhotic consonants [r] and [ɾ] contrast only word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here); elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one long trill, which may be transcribed as [ɾr]: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] (Hualde 2005184).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (سانچو:IPAslink) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (سانچو:IPAslink). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as سانچو:IPAslink. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as سانچو:IPAslink, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003258) for more information.
↑ In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 [v] and [z] are allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants.
↑ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).
↑ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
↑ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
↑ The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with [i] and [u].
↑ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].

References

Hualde, José Ignacio, The Sounds of Spanish, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54538-2
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, "Castilian Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/s0025100303001373

External links

Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Spanish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription

سانچو:IPA keys horizontal

[Approximant-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/, or /m/, or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003257-8).

[yeismo-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003258) for more information.

[nasal-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ contrast only before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation, which is partially reflected in the orthography. The three do not contrast at the end of a word; depending on dialect, the neutralized nasal may appear as [n], [ŋ], or nasalization of the preceding vowel.

[rhotic-4] 4.0 ^4.1 The rhotic consonants [r] and [ɾ] contrast only word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here); elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one long trill, which may be transcribed as [ɾr]: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] (Hualde 2005184).

[seseo-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (سانچو:IPAslink) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (سانچو:IPAslink). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as سانچو:IPAslink. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as سانچو:IPAslink, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and (Martínez-Celdrán، Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003258) for more information.

[6] In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].

[vz-7] 7.0 ^7.1 [v] and [z] are allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants.

[8] The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).

[9] The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.

[10] /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].

[Semivowel-11] The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with [i] and [u].

[12] Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].

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