مدد:آءِ پي اي
آءِپي اي IPA (انٽرنيشنل فوئنٽڪ الفابيٽ IPA) جي هجي جي نشانين لاءِ وڪيپيڊيا جي چاٻي The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.
Symbol | Examples | Description |
---|---|---|
A | ||
[a] (![]() |
German Mann | For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father. |
[aː] | German Aachen, French gare | Long [a]. |
[ä] (![]() |
Mandarin 他 tā, American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte | |
[ɐ] (![]() |
RP cut, German Kaiserslautern | (In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.) |
[ɑ] (![]() |
Finnish Linna, Dutch bad | |
[ɑː] | RP father, French pâte | Long [ɑ]. |
[ɑ̃] (![]() |
French Caen, sans, temps | Nasalized [ɑ]. |
[ɒ] (![]() |
RP cot | Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded. |
[ʌ] (![]() |
American English cut | Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].) |
[æ] (![]() |
RP cat | |
B | ||
[b] (![]() |
English babble | |
[ɓ] (![]() |
Swahili bwana | Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants. |
[β] (![]() |
Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children" | Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching. |
[ʙ] (![]() |
Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw" | Sputtering. |
C | ||
[c] (![]() |
Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Romanian cameră "room"Greek και "and" | Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi. |
[ç] (![]() |
German Ich | More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!". |
[ɕ] (![]() |
Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana | More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she. |
[ɔ] (![]() |
see under O | |
D | ||
[d] (![]() |
English dad | |
[ɗ] (![]() |
Swahili Dodoma | Like [d] said with a gulp. |
[ɖ] (![]() |
American English harder | Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ð] (![]() |
English the, bathe | |
[dz] (![]() |
English adds, Italian zero | |
[dʒ] (![]() |
English judge | |
[dʑ] (![]() |
Polish niedźwiedź "bear" | Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound. |
[dʐ] (![]() |
Polish dżem "jam" | Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
E | ||
[e] (![]() |
Spanish fe; French clé | |
[eː] | German Klee | Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in. |
[ɘ] (![]() |
Australian English bird | |
[ə] (![]() |
English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | (Only occurs in English when not stressed.) |
[ɚ] (![]() |
American English runner | |
[ɛ] (![]() |
English bet | |
[ɛ̃] (![]() |
French Saint-Étienne, vin, main | Nasalized [ɛ]. |
[ɜ] (![]() |
RP bird (long) | |
[ɝ] (![]() |
American English bird | |
F | ||
[f] (![]() |
English fun | |
[ɟ] (![]() |
see under J | |
[ʄ] (![]() |
see under J | |
G | ||
[ɡ] (![]() |
English gag | (Should look like ![]() |
[ɠ] (![]() |
Swahili Uganda | Like [ɡ] said with a gulp. |
[ɢ] (![]() |
Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi. | |
[ʒ] (![]() |
see under Z | English beige. |
H | ||
[h] (![]() |
American English house | |
[ɦ] (![]() |
English ahead, when said quickly. | |
[ʰ] | The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t]. | |
[ħ] (![]() |
Arabic Lua error in ماڊيول:Language at line 135: attempt to index field 'redirects' (a nil value). Muhammad | Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger. |
[ɥ] | see under Y | |
[ɮ] (![]() |
see under L | |
I | ||
[i] (![]() |
French ville, Spanish Valladolid | |
[iː] | English sea | Long [i]. |
[ɪ] (![]() |
English sit | |
[ɨ] (![]() |
Russian ты "you" | Often used for unstressed English roses. |
J | ||
[j] (![]() |
English yes, hallelujah, German Junge | |
[ʲ] | Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
[ʝ] (![]() |
Spanish cayo (some dialects) | Like [j], but stronger. |
[ɟ] (![]() |
Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" | Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi. |
[ʄ] (![]() |
Swahili jambo | Like [ɟ] said with a gulp. |
K | ||
[k] (![]() |
English kick, skip | |
L | ||
[l] (![]() |
English leaf | |
[ɫ] (![]() |
English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" |
"Dark" el. |
[ɬ] (![]() |
Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" |
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla. |
[ɭ] (![]() |
Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
[ɺ] | A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together. | |
[ɮ] (![]() |
Zulu dla "eat" | Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together. |
M | ||
[m] (![]() |
English mime | |
[ɱ] (![]() |
English symphony | Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f]. |
[ɯ] (![]() |
see under W | |
[ʍ] (![]() |
see under W | |
N | ||
[n] (![]() |
English nun | |
[ŋ] (![]() |
English sing, Māori nga | |
[ɲ] (![]() |
Spanish Peña, French champagne | Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly). |
[ɳ] (![]() |
Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna | Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ɴ] (![]() |
Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat. |
O | ||
[o] (![]() |
Spanish no, French eau | |
[oː] | German Boden, French Vosges | Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no. |
[ɔ] (![]() |
German Oldenburg, French Garonne | |
[ɔː] | RP law, French Limoges | Long [ɔ]. |
[ɔ̃] (![]() |
French Lyon, son | Nasalized [ɔ]. |
[ø] (![]() |
French feu, bœufs | Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o]. |
[øː] | German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre | Long [ø]. |
[ɵ] (![]() |
Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum | Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩. |
[œ] (![]() |
French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen | Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ]. |
[œː] | French œuvre, heure | Long [œ]. |
[œ̃] (![]() |
French brun, parfum | Nasalized [œ]. |
[ɶ] (![]() |
||
[θ] (![]() |
see under Others | |
[ɸ] (![]() |
see under Others | |
P | ||
[p] (![]() |
English pip | |
Q | ||
[q] (![]() |
Arabic Lua error in ماڊيول:Language at line 135: attempt to index field 'redirects' (a nil value). Qur’ān | Like [k], but further back, in the throat. |
R | ||
[r] (![]() |
Spanish perro, Scots borrow | "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.) |
[ɾ] (![]() |
Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
[ʀ] (![]() |
Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers) | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French. |
[ɽ] (![]() |
Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari" | Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back. |
[ɹ] (![]() |
RP borrow | |
[ɻ] (![]() |
Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter | Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
[ʁ] (![]() |
French Paris, German Riemann | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
S | ||
[s] (![]() |
English sass | |
[ʃ] (![]() |
English shoe | |
[ʂ] (![]() |
Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin) | Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
T | ||
[t] (![]() |
English tot, stop | |
[ʈ] (![]() |
Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief" | Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ts] (![]() |
English cats, Russian царь tsar | |
[tʃ] (![]() |
English church | |
[tɕ] (![]() |
Mandarin 北京 ![]() |
Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound. |
[tʂ] (![]() |
Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas | Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
U | ||
[u] (![]() |
French vous "you" | |
[uː] | French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, American English food | Long [u]. |
[ʊ] (![]() |
English foot, German Bundesrepublik | |
[ʉ] (![]() |
Australian English food (long) | Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
[ɥ] | see under Y | |
[ɯ] (![]() |
see under W | |
V | ||
[v] (![]() |
English verve | |
[ʋ] (![]() |
Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" | Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r. |
[ɤ] (![]() |
see under Y | |
[ɣ] (![]() |
see under Y | |
[ʌ] (![]() |
see under A | |
W | ||
[w] (![]() |
English wow | |
[ʷ] | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain | |
[ʍ] (![]() |
what (some dialects) | like [h] and [w] said together |
[ɯ] (![]() |
Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol | Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ]. |
[ɰ] (![]() |
Spanish agua | |
X | ||
[x] (![]() |
Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven | between [k] and [h] |
[χ] (![]() |
northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] | Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x]. |
Y | ||
[y] (![]() |
French rue | Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u]. |
[yː] | German Bülow, French sûr | Long [y]. |
[ʏ] (![]() |
German Düsseldorf | Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ]. |
[ɣ] (![]() |
Arabic Lua error in ماڊيول:Language at line 135: attempt to index field 'redirects' (a nil value). ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro | Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h]. |
[ɤ] (![]() |
Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh | Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ]. |
[ʎ] (![]() |
Italian tagliatelle | Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume. |
[ɥ] | French lui | Like [j] and [w] said together. |
Z | ||
[z] (![]() |
English zoo | |
[ʒ] (![]() |
English vision, French journal | |
[ʑ] (![]() |
old-styled Russian позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle | More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey. |
[ʐ] (![]() |
Russian жир "fat" | Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
[ɮ] (![]() |
see under L | |
Others | ||
[θ] (![]() |
English thigh, bath | |
[ɸ] (![]() |
Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui | Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching |
[ʔ] (![]() |
English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst | The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩]. |
[ʕ] (![]() |
Arabic Lua error in ماڊيول:Language at line 135: attempt to index field 'redirects' (a nil value). ʻarabī "Arabic" | A light sound deep in the throat. |
[ǀ] (![]() |
English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" | (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo. |
[ǁ] (![]() |
English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" | (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa. |
[ǃ] (![]() |
Zulu iqaqa "polecat" | (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ]. |
[ʘ] (![]() |
ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two" | Like a kissing sound. |
[ǂ] (![]() |
Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂààʔám̀ᵑǃã̀ã̀] "to put in the mouth" | Like an imitation of a chewing sound. |
Marks added to letters
سنواريوSeveral marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at International Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.
Symbol | Example | Description |
---|---|---|
Signs above a letter | ||
[ã] | French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine" | A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang. |
[ä] | Portuguese vá [vä] "go" | A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back. |
Signs below a letter | ||
[a̯] | English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯] | This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].) |
[n̥] | Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa. | |
[n̩] | English button | A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.) |
[d̪] | Spanish dos, French deux | The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English. |
Signs next to a letter | ||
[kʰ] | English come | Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ]. |
[k’] | Zulu ukuza "come" | Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ]. |
[aː] | English shh! [ʃː] | Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc. |
[aˑ] | RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt] | Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].) |
[ˈa] | pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩] |
Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. |
[ˌa] | Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable. | |
[.] | English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp] | Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off) |
Issues
سنواريوParticularly, the following symbols may be shown improperly depending on your font:
Affricates and double articulation |
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The tie bar is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) due to a bug in that font:
Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default IPA font:
and in several other fonts: سانچو:MFSample |
Angle brackets |
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True angle brackets, ⟨ ⟩, are unsupported by several common fonts. Here is how they display in your default settings:
and in several specific fonts: |