روس: جي ورجائن ۾ تفاوت
ڊاٿل مواد شامل ڪيل مواد
Intisar Ali (بحث | ڀاڱيداريون) سنوار جو تَتُ ڪونهي ٽيگَ: موبائل سنوار موبائل ويب سنوار وڌيل موبائل سنوار |
Intisar Ali (بحث | ڀاڱيداريون) سنوار جو تَتُ ڪونهي ٽيگَ: موبائل سنوار موبائل ويب سنوار وڌيل موبائل سنوار |
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سِٽَ 114:
[[File:Kievan Rus en.jpg|upright=1.3 |thumb|220px|يارھين صدي عيسويءَ ۾[[خيويائي روس]] ]]
ڏھين کان يارھين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ خيويائي روس يورپ جي سڀ کان خوشحال ۽ وڏين رياستن ۾ شمار ٿيندو هو<ref>{{cite book|last=Vernadsky|first=George|title=Kievan Russia|pages=430|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|date=1973|isbn=978-0-300-01647-5}}</ref> ان رياست جو [[ولاديمير اعظم]] (980–1015) ۽ ان جو ڏاھو جي لقب سان مشھور پٽ [[ياروسلاف]] وارا دؤر ان رياست جو سونھري دور شمار ڪيا ويندا آهن. ان ئي دؤر ۾
۾ روس جي ماڻھن بازنطيني ايمپائر مان آيل آرٿوڊوڪس عيسائيت کي قبول ڪيو ۽ ان سان گڏوگڏ ساڳي دؤر ۾ پھريون مشرقي قانوني مجموعي جو مسودو [[روسڪايا پراودا]] جوڙيو ويو.<ref name="EarlyH"/> يارھين ۽ ٻارھين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ خانه بدوش ترڪ قبيلن جي لاڳيتي حملن ڪري
such as the [[Kipchaks]] and the [[Pechenegs]], caused a massive migration of the East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as [[Zalesye]].<ref name="V">{{Cite book|author=Klyuchevsky, V.|title=The course of the Russian history|volume=1|url=http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch16.htm|isbn=978-5-244-00072-6|year=1987|publisher=Myslʹ}}</ref>
[[File:Lebedev baptism.jpg|left|thumb|''The [[Baptism of Kievans]]'', by [[Klavdy Lebedev]].]]
The age of [[feudalism]] and decentralization had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the [[Rurikid Dynasty]] that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] in the north-east, [[Novgorod Republic]] in the north-west and [[Galicia-Volhynia]] in the south-west.<ref name="EarlyH"/>
Ultimately Kievan Rus' disintegrated, with the final blow being the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasion]] of 1237–40, that resulted in the destruction of Kiev, and the death of about half the population of Rus'.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael F.|last=Hamm|title=Kiev: A Portrait, 1800-1917|date=1993|publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press|pages=328|isbn=978-0-691-02585-8}}</ref> The invaders, later known as [[Tatars]], formed the state of the [[Golden Horde]], which pillaged the Russian principalities and ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over two centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History|date=1987|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|pages=192|isbn=978-0-253-20445-5}}</ref>
Galicia-Volhynia was eventually assimilated by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]], while the Novgorod Republic and Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation.<ref name="EarlyH"/> The Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation and together with [[Pskov]] retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the [[Mongol yoke]]; they were largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the country. Led by Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]], Novgorodians repelled the invading [[Swedes]] in the [[Battle of the Neva]] in 1240,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva|title=Battle of the Neva|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> as well as the [[Northern Crusades|Germanic crusaders]] in the [[Battle of the Ice]] in 1242.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ostrowski|first=Donald|title=Alexander Nevskii's "Battle on the Ice": The Creation of a Legend|date=2006|jstor=24664446|journal=[[Russian History (journal)|Russian History]]|volume=33|number=2/4|pages=289–312|doi=10.1163/187633106X00186}}</ref>
== سياسي ورهاست ==
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