وڪيپيڊيا

بنگلورو

بنگلورو (Bengaḷūru)، جيڪو اڳ ۾ بنگلور سڏجيو ويندو هو، ڏکڻ ڀارتي رياست ڪرناٽڪا جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. سال 2011ع جي مردم شماري جي مطابق، هن شهر جي آبادي 84 لک کان وڌيڪ هئي، اها ڀارت ۾ ٽيون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر ۽ ڏکڻ هندستان ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. بنگلورو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقي جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ڪروڙ ۽ پنج لک (10.5 ملين) هئي، جيڪا هن کي ملڪ ۾ چوٿين سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري مجموعو بڻائي ٿو. اهو ڏکڻ جي پليٽيو جي مرڪز جي ويجهو، سمنڊ جي سطح کان 900 ميٽر (3,000 فوٽ) جي اوچائي تي واقع آهي. هي شهر، هن جي باغن جي ڪري، ڀارت جي "باغن جي شهر" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.

بنگلورو
Beṅgaḷūru
بنگلور
ميٽروپولس
بنگلورو جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي جي اسڪائي لائن
ڌرمارايا سوامي مندر
بنگلورو پيليس
هالاسورو سوميشورا مندر
باگماني ٽيڪنيڪل پارڪ
انفوسس پيرامڊ
وڌانا سوڌا
Map

Map

جاگرافي بيهڪ: 12°58′44″N 77°35′30″E / 12.97889°N 77.59167°E / 12.97889; 77.59167
ملڪ ڀارت
رياست ڪرناٽڪا
ضلعا بنگلورو شهري ضلعو
قائم ٿيو 1537ع
قيام ڪيمپي گائوڙا پهريون
حڪومت
 • قسم ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن
 • مجلس بروهت بنگلورو مهاناگرا پاليڪي
 • ميئر خالي
 • ڪارپوريشن ڪمشنر توشر ڳري ناٿ (IAS)[1]
پکيڙ[2][3]
 • ميٽروپولس 741 ڪ.م2 (286 ميل2)
 • ميٽرو 8,005 ڪ.م2 (3,091 ميل2)
بلندي[4] 920 ميل (3,020 ft)
آبادي (2011)[5]
 • ميٽروپولس 8,443,675

قديم آثار ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته علائقي ۾ انساني آبادي 4000 قبل مسيح جي شروعات ۾ ٿي. "بنگلور" نالي جو پهريون ذڪر ناگيشوارا مندر ۾ 890 عيسوي جي هڪ پراڻي ڪننڊ پٿر جي لکت مان ملي ٿو. مغربي گنگا خاندان جي حڪمراني ڪرڻ کان پوء، عام دور جي شروعات کان وٺي، شهر يارهين صدي عيسوي جي شروعات ۾ چولا سلطنت جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ھي علائقو ھويسالا ۽ وجيا نگرا سلطنت جو وچين دور جي آخر ۾ حصو ھو. سال 1537 عيسوي ۾، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون، هڪ جاگيردار حڪمران، وجيانگرا سلطنت جي ماتحت، هڪ مٽيءَ جو قلعو قائم ڪيو، جيڪو جديد شهر بنگلورو ۽ ان جي پراڻن علائقن يا پيٽس جو بنياد سمجهيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪي اڃا تائين موجود آهن. وجيا نگرا سلطنت جي زوال کان پوء، ڪيمپي گائوڊا آزاديء جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ شهر کي سندس جانشين طرفان وڌايو ويو. سال 1638 عيسوي ۾، عادل شاهي فوج ڪيمپي گائوڊا ٽيون کي شڪست ڏني ۽ شهر شاهجي ڀونسلي جي جاگير (جاگيرداري) بڻجي ويو. مغلن بعد ۾ بنگلورو تي قبضو ڪيو ۽ ان کي ميسور جي بادشاه مهاراجا چيڪديوراجا ووديار کي وڪرو ڪيو. سال 1759ع ۾ ڪرشنا راجا ووديار ٻين جي موت کان پوءِ، سلطان حيدر علي سلطنت جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ انتظاميه بعد ۾ سندس پٽ ٽيپو سلطان جي حوالي ڪئي وئي.

شهر اينگلو-ميسور جنگ دوران برطانوي ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني پاران قبضو ڪيو ويو ۽ ميسور جي پرنسلي رياست جو حصو بڻجي ويو. شهر جو انتظامي ڪنٽرول ڪرشنا راجا واديار ٽين کي واپس ڪيو ويو، پوء پراڻو شهر ميسور جي مهاراجا ۽ بادشاهت جي تسلط هيٺ ترقي ڪئي. سال 1809 عيسوي ۾، انگريزن پنهنجي فوجي گئريزن کي شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ۽ پراڻي شهر کان ٻاهر، ڇائوڻي قائم ڪئي. 19 صدي عيسوي جي آخر ۾، شهر بنيادي طور تي ٻن الڳ شهري آبادين، پراڻي پيٽ ۽ نئين ڇانوڻي تي مشتمل هو. 1947ع ۾ هندستان جي آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، بنگلورو ميسور رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻجي ويو، ۽ گاديءَ جو هنڌ رهيو جڏهن رياست کي وڌايو ويو ۽ 1956ع ۾ متحد ڪيو ويو ۽ ان کان پوءِ 1973ع ۾ رياست جو نالو بدلائي ڪرناٽڪا رکيو ويو. ٻه شهري آباديون جيڪي آزاد ادارن جي طور تي ترقي ڪري چڪيون هيون، سال 1949ع ۾ هڪ واحد شهري انتظاميه جي هيٺ ضم ٿي ويون. هن شهر کي، سال 2006ع تائين، جڏهن سرڪاري نالو تبديل ڪيو ويو ۽ ان جو ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ نالو، "بنگلورو" رکيو ويو، سرڪاري طور تي انگريزيءَ ۾ بنگلور جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو.

بنگلورو هندستان ۾ تيز ترين وڌندڙ شهرن مان هڪ ۽ هندستان جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پيداواري ميٽرو علائقن مان هڪ آهي. سال 2023ع تائين، ميٽروپوليٽن ايريا جي جي ڊي پي جو تخمينو 359.9 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر هو. شهر انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي (IT) جو هڪ وڏو مرڪز آهي ۽ مسلسل دنيا جي تيز ترين وڌندڙ ٽيڪنالاجي مرڪزن ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو. ملڪ ۾ آئي ٽي سروسز جو سڀ کان وڏو مرڪز ۽ برآمد ڪندڙ، اهو شهر وڏي پيماني تي "هندستان جي سليڪون وادي" طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. شهر پيداواري معيشت ۾ هڪ وڏو حصو ڏيندڙ آهي ۽ شهر پڻ ڪيترن ئي رياستي ملڪيت جي پيداواري ڪمپنين جو گهر آهي. بنگلور پڻ اعلي تعليم ۾ قومي اهميت جي ڪيترن ئي ادارن جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو.

نالو

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"بنگلورو" نالي جو سڀ کان پھريون حوالو نائين صدي جي ھيرو پٿر يا "ويرا گلو" تي آهي جيڪو "بيگور" ۾ مليو. اولهه گنگا خاندان سان تعلق رکندڙ پراڻي ڪنڙ لکت ۾ 890ع ۾ لڙائي دوران هن هنڌ جو ذڪر آيو آهي.[10] بهرحال، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پهريون سال 1537ع ۾ بنياد وجهڻ وقت، ڪوڊي گيهالي جي ڀرسان هڪ ڳوٺ جو نالو استعمال ڪيو، جنهن تي شهر جو نالو بنگلورو رکيو. بنگلور شهر جي ڪنڙ نالي جو هڪ انگريزي ورزن آهي. هن شهر کي 16هين صدي عيسوي ۾ وجيا نگر جي پوئين دور ۾ ”ڪلياناپوري“ يا ”ڪليانپوره“ (معزز شهر) ۽ ”ديوا رايا پتانا“ جي نالي سان پڻ سڏيو ويو.[11]

هڪ افسانوي ڪهاڻي ٻڌائي ٿي ته ٻارهين صديءَ جو بادشاهه ويرا بالالا ٻيون، شڪار جي مهم دوران، جنگل ۾ پنهنجو رستو وڃائي ويٺو. ٿڪل ۽ بکايل، هن کي هڪ غريب پوڙهي عورت نظر آئي، جنهن هن کي ڀاڄيون ڀري خدمت ڪئي. شڪر گذار بادشاهه ان جڳهه جو نالو ”بينڊا-ڪال-ارو“ (لفظي طور، اُبليل ڀاڄين جو شهر) رکيو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي ”بنگلورو“ ۾ تبديل ٿيو.[12][13] سورياناٿ ڪمٿ اهو قياس ڪيو آهي ته نالو "بينگا" ڪننڊ اصطلاح وڻ ٽيروڪارپس مارسوپيئم (Pterocarpus marsupium) لاءِ ڪناڊا اصطلاح (جنهن کي انڊين ڪنو جو وڻ به چيو ويندو آهي)، هڪ قسم جو سڪل ۽ نم وڻندڙ ​​وڻن جو هڪ قسم آهي، جيڪو علائقي ۾ گهڻو ٿئي ٿو، مان نڪتل آهي.[14] ٻين نظرين جي مطابق، هن شهر کي، ڪيمپي گائوڊا پاران ٺاهيل، وينڪاتارامانا سوامي مندر جي مٿان "بينڪات-ارو" سڏيو ويو. هڪ ٻيون خيال آهي ته، هي نالو هن علائقي ۾ کوارٽز پٿر (ڪناڊ ٻولي ۾ "بيناچا ڪل") جي گهڻائي جي ڪارڻ، "بيناچا ڪلورو" کان آهي.[15]

11 ڊسمبر، 2005ع تي، ڪرناٽڪ جي حڪومت يو. آر. انانٿا مورٿي جي تجويز قبول ڪئي ته سرڪاري طور تي شهر جو نالو "بنگلور" کان بدلائي "بنگلورو" ڪيو وڃي.[16] 27 سيپٽمبر، 2006ع تي، بروهت بنگلورو مهانگارا پاليڪي نالي جي تبديلي کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاء هڪ قرارداد پاس ڪيو ۽ رياست ڪرناٽڪا جي حڪومت پھرين نومبر، 2014ع تي نالي جي تبديلي کي سرڪاري طور تي نافذ ڪيو، جڏهن يونين گورنمينٽ درخواست کي منظور ڪيو.[17][18][19]

تاريخ

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ابتدائي ۽ وچين دور

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Stone Age artefacts discovered at Jalahalli, Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli on Bengaluru's outskirts indicate human settlement around 4000 BCE.[20][21] Iron Age tools and burial mounds from around 800 BCE, have been found in Koramangala and Chikkajala. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, and Caligula found at Yeswanthpur and HAL indicate the involvement of the region in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans and other civilisations in the first century CE.[22]

 
Begur Nageshwara Temple was built around ت. 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga dynasty.

The region of modern-day Bengaluru was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries CE, the region was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region.[23] According to Edgar Thurston, twenty-eight kings ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Common Era until its conquest by the Cholas in the early eleventh century CE. The Western Gangas ruled as a sovereign power from 350 to 550 CE, and as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami, and later the Rashtrakutas until the tenth century.[24] The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860 CE, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II.[25][26] Around 1004 CE, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I, and captured the region.[25][27] During this period, the region witnessed the migration of many groups—warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from the Southern Tamil speaking regions and other Kannada-speaking parts of the region.[23] The Cholas built many temples in the region including the Chokkanathaswamy temple, Mukthi Natheshwara Temple, Choleshwara Temple, and Someshwara Temple.[25]

In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended his rule over the region.[25][28] In the later part of the 13th century CE, Bengaluru was a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered the Hoysala held territory in the southern Tamil speaking regions.[25] Veera Ballala appointed a civic head at Hudi (suburb of the city) to administer the region, and promoted the village to the status of a town. After his death in 1343, the region came under the influence of Vijayanagara empire, which saw the rule of four consecutive dynasties – Sangamas (1336–1485), Saluvas (1485–1491), Tuluvas (1491–1565), and Aravidu (1565–1646).[29] In the early 16th century CE, Achyuta Deva Raya built a dam across the Arkavati river near Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir was used to supply water to the region.[30]

Foundation and early modern history

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Bangalore Fort in 1860 CE showing fortifications and barracks. The fort was originally built by Kempe Gowda I as a mud fort in 1537 CE.

The city proper was established in 1537 CE by Kempe Gowda I, a local governor and chieftain aligned with the Vijayanagara Empire under emperor Achyuta Deva Raya. He led a campaign against Gangaraja, whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi, and built a a mud-brick fort at the site, which later became the central part of the modern city of Bengaluru. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his "Gandubhūmi" ("Land of Heroes").[31] Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a pētē (سانچو:IPA-kn).[32] The town had two main streets—Chikkapētē and Doddapētē, which intersected to form the Doddapētē Square in the heart of the town.[33] Kempe Gowda also built the temple at Basavanagudi, and expanded other temples. He also constructed various tanks such as Kempambudhi, Dharmambudhi, and Sampangi for water storage.[34] Vijayanagara literature refers the city by various names such as "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura" or "Kalyānapuri" ("auspicious city").[35]

After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 CE in the Battle of Talikota, Kempe Gowda declared independence. His successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers to mark the boundary of the town.[36] In 1638 CE, a Adil Shahi army led by Ranadulla Khan and Shahaji Bhonsle defeated Kempe Gowda III, and the region became a jagir (feudal estate) of Shahaji.[34] In 1639 CE, Shahaji ordered the reconstruction of the town and built large fortifications, and new reservoirs to solve the water shortage in the region.[34][35] In 1687 CE, Mughal general Kasim Khan, under orders from Aurangzeb, defeated Ekoji I, the son of Shahaji, and leased the town to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704 CE), the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore.[34] After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759 CE, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the ruler of the Mysore kingdom. He built the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 CE.[37] The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan, and the Lal Bagh garden was established around 1760 CE.[38] During the period, the city developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.[35]

 
Bangalore Palace, built in 1887 in Tudor architectural style was modelled on Windsor Castle in England.[39]

The Bengaluru fort was captured by British forces under Charles Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and became the centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan.[40] Following Tipu's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799 CE), the Bengaluru pete was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore, whose administrative control remained with the Maharaja of Mysore. The city was further developed by the Maharaja of Mysore. The Residency of Mysore State, established in Mysore in 1799 was shifted to Bengaluru in 1804.[41] It was abolished in 1843 before being revived in 1881 and served till the Indian independence in 1947.[41][42] The British found the city as an appropriate place to station its garrison and therefore it was moved in 1809 from Seringapatam to Ulsoor, about 6 km (4 mi) northeast of the original pete. A town grew up around the surroundings by absorbing several villages in the area, and came to be known as Bengaluru cantonment. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the princely state of Mysore.[43] Further developments such as the introduction of telegraph connections to other major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras in 1864, contributed to the economic growth of the city.[44]

Later modern and contemporary history

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A view of Bengaluru Pete during the 1890s
 
A view of Bangalore Cantonment, ت. 1895

In the late 19th century CE, Bengaluru was essentially composed of two cities, with the pete, whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British, whose residents were predominantly Tamils and English people.[45][46] Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment, which was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore, gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience. It had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the state of Mysore.[45] The British developed the infrastructure of the city, widened roads, and established new settlements. The city was divided into eight wards in 1862, and was expanding. The first exclusive residential area was established in Chamarajpet in 1892, and a new wholesale market was established in Tharagupet in 1895.[47] The city was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak led to the improvement in sanitation facilities, and establishment of new communication lines to co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect, a health officer was appointed, and the city was divided into four wards for better co-ordination.[48][49] New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē.[50]

 
Map of the city and environs, ت. 1914

In 1906, Bengaluru became one of the first cities in India to have electricity.[51] In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo, an offensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II, was devised in Bengaluru by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners.[52] Bengaluru's reputation as the "Garden City of India" began in 1927 with the silver jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city.[53] Bengaluru played an important role during the Indian independence movement. Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here.[20] In 1926, the labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries.[54] In July 1928, there were notable communal disturbances in Bengaluru, like when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bengaluru.[55] In 1940, the first flight between Bengaluru and Mumbai took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.[56]

After India's independence in August 1947, Bengaluru remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh (appointed governor).[57] The "City Improvement Trust" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the "City" and the "Cantonment" merged to form the Bangalore City Corporation.[58] The Government of Karnataka later constituted the Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies.[59] Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bengaluru experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941–51 and 1971–81, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bengaluru had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000.[35] In the following decades, Bengaluru's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of various public and private companies.|[60]

 
Aerial view of UB City, a business district in Bengaluru, 2019

By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit.[59] On 8 February 1981, a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bengaluru, where more than 92 people died, the majority of them children.[61] Bengaluru experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bengaluru's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments.[62] Since the late 1980s, many information technology companies were set up in the city and by the end of the 20th century, Bengaluru had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India.[35] The population has increased significantly due to migration from other parts for work, and the city has become the third most populous city in 2011.[63][64] During the 21st century, Bengaluru has had major terrorist attacks in 2008, 2010, and 2013.[65][66][67]

جاگرافي

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ڊيموگرافي

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حڪومت ۽ سياست

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انفراسٽرڪچر

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معيشت

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ٽرانسپورٽ

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تعليم

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ثقافت

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تفريح

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پڻ ڏسو

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ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

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حوالا

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  1. ↑ "New BBMP Chief Commissioner inspects infrastructure projects". Deccan Herald. 7 June 2022. https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/new-bbmp-chief-commissioner-inspects-infrastructure-projects-1107607.html. 
  2. ↑ "History of BBMP". Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). وقت 2 November 2020 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 20 May 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  3. ↑ "Introduction - BMRDA". Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority. وقت 20 May 2021 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 20 May 2021.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  4. ↑ H.S. Sudhira; T.V. Ramachandra; M.H. Bala Subrahmanya (2007). "City Profile — Bangalore". Cities (Bangalore) 24 (5): 382. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2007.04.003. ISSN 0264-2751. http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/pubs/ces_pubs/pubs_2007/theme4_42.pdf. Retrieved 13 October 2013. 
  5. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2011 Census of India
  6. ↑ "India Stats: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011". Press Information Bureau. وقت 30 June 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 20 August 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  7. ↑ "Bengaluru". C40. وقت 25 September 2024 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 1 June 2024.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  8. ↑ "Deep Dive City Bangalore, India" (PDF). Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative. وقت 9 January 2024 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 12 January 2024.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  9. ↑ "50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). وقت 8 July 2016 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 14 January 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  10. ↑ "Inscription reveals Bengaluru is over 1,000 years old". The Hindu. 20 August 2004. http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/20/stories/2004082016400300.htm. 
  11. ↑ Chandramouli, K (25 July 2002). "The city of boiled beans". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm. 
  12. ↑ Chandramouli, K (25 July 2002). "The city of boiled beans". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm. 
  13. ↑ Vijesh Kamath. "Many miles to go from Bangalore to Bengalūru". Deccan Herald. وقت 16 September 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 10 June 2012.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  14. ↑ Aditi 2008, p. 6
  15. ↑ Chandramouli, K (25 July 2002). "The city of boiled beans". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm. 
  16. ↑ "Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru". The Times of India. 11 December 2005. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangalore-to-be-renamed-Bengaluru/articleshow/1327370.cms. 
  17. ↑ "It will be 'Bengaluru', resolves BMP". The Hindu. 28 September 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm. 
  18. ↑ "It'll be 'Bengaluru' from November 1". Deccan Herald. 8 October 2006. http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct82006/index2044162006107.asp. 
  19. ↑ "Centre nod for Karnataka's proposal on renaming cities". The Hindu. 18 October 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/centre-nod-for-karnatakas-proposal-on-renaming-cities/article6514079.ece. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Ranganna, T.S. (27 October 2001). "Bangalore had human habitation in 4000 B.C.". The Hindu. http://hindu.com/2001/10/27/stories/0427402p.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Bangalore dates from 4,000 BC". The Times of India. 11 October 2001. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bangalore-dates-from-4000-BC/articleshow/1449687816.cms. 
  22. ↑ Chandramouli, K (25 July 2002). "The city of boiled beans". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/07/25/stories/2002072500270200.htm. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Srinivas 2004, p. 69
  24. ↑ Aditi 2008, p. 6
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Aditi 2008, p. 7
  26. ↑ Sarma 1992, p. 78
  27. ↑ B. L. Rice. Mysore: A Gazetteer Compiled for Government. p. 224. 
  28. ↑ "The Digital South Asia Library-Imperial gazetteer of India". uchicago.edu. وقت 16 December 2008 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 February 2006.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  29. ↑ Aditi 2008, p. 8
  30. ↑ Aditi 2008, p. 9
  31. ↑ Misra, Hemant; Jayaraman, Pavitra (22 May 2010). "Bangalore bhath: first city edifices". Mint. http://www.livemint.com/2010/05/21205005/Bangalore-Bhath--First-city-e.html. 
  32. ↑ Aruni, S. K. "A city that fell to the lure of trade". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. وقت 27 June 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 27 June 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  33. ↑ "Earlier known as Doddapete, Avenue Road could be as old as Bengaluru". The Economic Times. 26 March 2015. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/earlier-known-as-doddapete-avenue-road-could-be-as-old-as-bengaluru/articleshow/46697749.cms?from=mdr. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Srinivas, S (22 February 2005). "The bean city". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 سانچو:Cite thesis
  36. ↑ Shekhar, Divya (27 October 2016). "To secure a budding Bengaluru, Kempe Gowda built 4 towers". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/to-secure-a-budding-bengaluru-kempe-gowda-built-4-towers/articleshow/55087621.cms#:~:text=Bengaluru%20began%20to%20scale%20newer,%22eventual%22%20boundaries%20of%20Bengaluru.. 
  37. ↑ Pinto & Srivastava 2008, p. 6
  38. ↑ Shekhar, Divya (11 August 2016). "Date with history: All you need to know about the iconic Lalbagh's Glass House built in 1889". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/date-with-history-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-lalbaghs-glass-house-built-in-1889/articleshow/53647928.cms. 
  39. ↑ Pinto & Srivastava 2008, p. 8
  40. ↑ Sandes, E.W.C. (1933). The military engineer in India, vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. pp. 163–165. ISBN 978-1-84734-071-9. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "The Resident arose with Tipu's fall". The Times of India. حاصل ڪيل 24 May 2022. 
  42. ↑ "Raj Bhavan, Karnataka". Raj Bhavan, Government of Karnataka. وقت 6 February 2012 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 August 2012.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  43. ↑ Srinivas 2004, p. 3
  44. ↑ Ghosh, Jyotirmoy (2012). Entrepreneurship in tourism and allied activities: a study of Bangalore city in the post-liberalization period. Pondicherry University. p. 86. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5261/9/09_chapter%203.pdf. Retrieved 8 September 2013. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Emily Stevenson (2023). British Indian Picture Postcards in Bengaluru: Ephemeral Entanglements. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-00380-959-3. 
  46. ↑ سانچو:Cite thesis
  47. ↑ Punekar 197450.
  48. ↑ Punekar 197451.
  49. ↑ "1898 plague revisited". The Times of India. 17 November 2012. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/1898-plague-revisited/articleshow/17248490.cms. 
  50. ↑ Jaypal, Maya. "Malleswaram, Basavanagudi, the new extensions". Deccan Herald. وقت 8 September 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 8 September 2013.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  51. ↑ Srinivasaraju, Sugata. "ElectriCity". Outlook India. وقت 21 January 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 15 November 2011.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  52. ↑ Mudur, Nirad; Hemanth CS. "Bangalore torpedo gave them their D-Day, 69 years ago". Daily News and Analysis. وقت 4 October 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 1 October 2013.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  53. ↑ Basavaraja, Kadati Reddera (1984). History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification. Chalukya Publications. p. 332. https://books.google.com/books?id=VvpIAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 27 December 2017. 
  54. ↑ Nair 2005, p. 70
  55. ↑ S., Chandrasekhar (1985). Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918–40. APH Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8364-1471-4. 
  56. ↑ Pinto & Srivastava 2008, p. 10
  57. ↑ Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David (2004). The Territories and States of India. Psychology Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-203-40290-0. https://archive.org/details/territoriesstate0000unse/page/135. "When the new, extended Mysore was created on 1 November 1956 (by the addition of coastal, central and northern territories), Wodeyar became Governor of the whole state, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973." 
  58. ↑ "Civic bodies of yore didn't digress from progress". Deccan Herald. حاصل ڪيل 26 May 2022. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Srinivas 2004, p. 4
  60. ↑ Punekar 197453.
  61. ↑ "Death Toll Raised to 66 in Fire at Circus in India". The New York Times. وقت 18 November 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 31 January 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  62. ↑ Benjamin, Solomon (April 2000). "Governance, economic settings and poverty in Bangalore". Environment & Urbanization 12 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1177/095624780001200104. Bibcode: 2000EnUrb..12...35B. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN020773.pdf. Retrieved 11 June 2012. 
  63. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Census population
  64. ↑ Vijaya B. Punekar (1974). Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore. Popular Prakashan. p. 54. ISBN 978-8-17154-012-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54. Retrieved 4 October 2007. 
  65. ↑ "8 blasts rock Bangalore". The Times of India. 25 July 2008. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-blasts-rock-bangalore/articleshow/3279730.cms. 
  66. ↑ "Ten wounded in Bangalore cricket stadium blast". Reuters. 17 April 2010. https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47776820100417. 
  67. ↑ "Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry". India Today. 17 April 2013. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde-159094-2013-04-17. 
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