وڪيپيڊيا

پوتر رومي سلطنت

Roman Empire سان ڀل نہ کائو.

پوتر رومي سلطنت (Holy Roman Empire)، جيڪا 1512ع کان پوءِ جرمن قوم جي پوتر رومي سلطنت جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتي وڃي ٿي، مرڪزي ۽ مغربي يورپ ۾ عام طور تي پوتر رومي شهنشاهه جي سربراهي ۾، هڪ سياسي ادارو هو. اهو ابتدائي وچين دور ۾ ترقي ڪئي ۽ تقريبن هڪ هزار سالن تائين, 1806 ۾ نيپولين وارين جنگين دوران ان جي خاتمي تائين هليو. 1866ع ۾ نيپولين بوناپارٽ ان سلطنت کي سدائين لاءِ ختم ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.[19]

پوتر رومي سلطنت
Holy Roman Empire
Sacrum Imperium Romanum (Latin)
Heiliges Römisches Reich (جرمن)

جرمن قومن جي پوتر رومي سلطنت

Holy Roman Empire of the
German Nation
Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae (Latin)
Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation (جرمن)

800/962[lower-alpha 1]–1806
Flag of پوتر رومي سلطنت Holy Roman Empire
{{{coat_alt}}}
Imperial Banner
(ت. 1430–1806)		 ڪوٽ آف آرمز
(پندرهين صدي جي ڊيزائن)
Location of پوتر رومي سلطنت Holy Roman Empire
حیثیت سلطنت
گادي جو هنڌ ملٽي سينٽرل.
  • روم (جيور). پاڪ رومن شهنشاهه جي تاجپوشي
  • آچن (800-1562) 800-888 (راڄڌاني طور) 800-1562 (جرمني جي بادشاهه جي تاجپوشي).
  • پالرمو ۽ فوگيا (حقيقت ۾) (1194-1254)؛ (1220-1254) سسيلي جي بادشاهه جي موروثي لقب جي هينري VI جي وراثت کان پوءِ ذاتي اتحاد ذريعي سلطنت سان ڳنڍيو ويو، اهو هوهينسٽوفن خاندان جي سيٽ بڻجي ويو.
  • انسبرڪ (1508-1519) Hofkammer ۽ ڪورٽ جي چانسري جي سيٽ.
  • ويانا (1550-1583، 1612-1806) Habsburgs جي سيٽ. 1497/1498 کان آولڪ ڪائونسل جي سيٽ). * فرينڪفرٽ. (1562-1806) اليڪشن ۽ تاجپوشي. * پراگ. (1583-1612) * ريگينسبرگ. (1594-1806) شاهي غذا 1594 کان، 1663 کان دائمي. * ويزلر. (1689-1806) شاهي چيمبر ڪورٽ. مختلف سرڪاري مذهب: * رومن ڪيٿولڪزم. (1054-1806). * لوٿرانزم. (1555-1806) * ڪيلونزم. (1648-1806). چونڊيل بادشاهت مخلوط بادشاهت (شاهي سڌارن کان پوءِ) شاهي ڊيٽا. سلطنت

[3]

نسلي گروھ شاهي غذا 1594 کان، 1663 کان دائمي. * ويزلر. (1689-1806) شاهي چيمبر ڪورٽ.
مذهب مختلف سرڪاري مذهب:
  • رومن ڪيٿولڪزم (1054-1806)

[lower-alpha 3]


لوٿرانزم (1555-1806)
ڪيلونزم (1648-1806)
حڪومت چونڊيل بادشاهت
مخلوط بادشاهت (شاهي سڌارن کان پوءِ)[16]
مقننه شاهي ڊايٽ

25 ڊسمبر 800 تي، پوپ ليو III فرانڪ جي بادشاهه شارليمين کي رومن شهنشاهه جي حيثيت سان تاج ڪيو، 476 ۾ قديم مغربي رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوء ٽن صدين کان وڌيڪ مغربي يورپ ۾ لقب کي بحال ڪيو. اصل ۾ يورپي بادشاهه "اوٽو پهرئين" جرمني ۽ اٽليءَ جي علائقن کي ملائي، 962ع ۾ وچ يورپ جي علائقي ۾ هيءَ سلطنت قائم ڪئي. هن سلطنت جي قيام ذريعي اها ڪوشش ڪئي وئي، ته سڀني عيسائي ملڪن کي ڌرمي (مذهبي) جذبي تحت ملائي هڪ ئي رياست اندر متحد ڪيو وڃي. 1273ع کان هن سلطنت تي هئپسبرگ خاندان جو غلبو رهيو. هن سلطنت جو آخري حاڪم ”فرانسس ٻيو" هو، جنهن 1806ع ۾ تخت سنڀاليو.

The Holy Roman Empire,[lower-alpha 6] also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.[20] It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.[21]

On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe more than three centuries after the fall of the ancient Western Roman Empire in 476.[22] The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, fashioning himself as Charlemagne's and the Carolingian Empire's successor,[23] and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries.[24][25][lower-alpha 7] From 962 until the 12th century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe.[26] The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals;[27] this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period.[28] The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-13th century, but overextension of its power led to a partial collapse.[29][30]

Scholars generally describe an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, and a gradual development of the imperial role.[31][32] While the office of emperor had been reestablished, the exact term for his realm as the "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century,[33] although the emperor's theoretical legitimacy from the beginning rested on the concept of translatio imperii, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome.[31] Nevertheless, in the Holy Roman Empire, the imperial office was traditionally elective by the mostly German prince-electors. In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered the first among equals of all Europe's Catholic monarchs.[34]

A process of Imperial Reform in the late 15th and early 16th centuries transformed the empire, creating a set of institutions which endured until its final demise in the 19th century.[35][36] According to historian Thomas Brady Jr., the empire after the Imperial Reform was a political body of remarkable longevity and stability, and "resembled in some respects the monarchical polities of Europe's western tier, and in others the loosely integrated, elective polities of East Central Europe." The new corporate German Nation, instead of simply obeying the emperor, negotiated with him.[37][38] On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation – the month before, by French emperor Napoleon – of the Confederation of the Rhine, a confederation of German client states loyal not to the Holy Roman emperor but to France.

حوالا

سنواريو
  1. ↑ "Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. حاصل ڪيل 16 October 2023. 
  2. ↑ Kleinhenz 2004810; "Otto can be considered the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, though that term was used until the twelfth century".
  3. ↑ von Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr (31 December 1983). Schieder, Theodor; Brunn, Gerhard. eds. "Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt? Die Multizentralitat der Hauptstadtfunktionen im Reich bis 1806". Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten: 5–14. doi:10.1515/9783486992878-003. ISBN 978-3-4869-9287-8. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783486992878-003/html. 
  4. ↑ "UNIO REGNI AD IMPERIUM in 'Federiciana'". Treccani.it. حاصل ڪيل 2022-05-04. 
  5. ↑ "Enrico Vi, Re Di Sicilia E Imperatore In 'Federiciana'". Treccani.it. حاصل ڪيل 2022-05-04. 
  6. ↑ Kamp, Norbert. "Federico Ii Di Svevia, Imperatore, Re Di Sicilia E Di Gerusalemme, Re Dei Romani In 'Federiciana'". Treccani.it. حاصل ڪيل 2022-05-04. 
  7. ↑ Brady 2009211.
  8. ↑ Pavlac & Lott 2019249.
  9. ↑ Wissenschaften, Neuhausener Akademie der (2021) (de ۾). Beiträge zur bayerischen Geschichte, Sprache und Kultur. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 106. ISBN 978-3-0006-9644-2. 
  10. ↑ Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2021) (de ۾). Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von 1300 bis 1800. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 659. ISBN 978-3-1107-4443-9. 
  11. ↑ Buchmann, Bertrand Michael (2002) (de ۾). Hof, Regierung, Stadtverwaltung: Wien als Sitz der österreichischen Zentralverwaltung von den Anfängen bis zum Untergang der Monarchie. Verlag für Geschichte und Politik. p. 37. ISBN 978-3-4865-6541-6. 
  12. ↑ Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1974) (de ۾). Werke und Briefe: historisch-kritische Ausgabe. W. de Gruyter. p. 999. https://books.google.com/books?id=pw9cAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 6 February 2022. 
  13. ↑ Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (2018) (en ۾). The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History. Oxford University Press. p. 762. ISBN 978-0-1910-8838-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=dg5jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT762. Retrieved 6 February 2022. 
  14. ↑ Johnston, William M. (1983) (en ۾). The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938. University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-5200-4955-0. 
  15. ↑ Pavlac & Lott 2019278.
  16. ↑ Wilson 2016v–xxvi.
  17. ↑ Žůrek 2014.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Wilson 2016496.
  19. ↑ Holy Roman Empire | Online Sindhi Dictionaries | آن لائين سنڌي ڊڪشنريون[مئل ڳنڍڻو]
  20. ↑ Coy, Jason Philip; Marschke, Benjamin; Sabean, David Warren (2010) (en ۾). The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered. Berghahn Books. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-8454-5992-5. 
  21. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EB.HRE
  22. ↑ "Charlemagne". History. وقت 6 September 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 19 September 2022. 
  23. ↑ Cantor 1993212–215.
  24. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gascoigne
  25. ↑ Davies 1996316–317.
  26. ↑ Peters, Edward (1977) (en ۾). Europe: the World of the Middle Ages. Prentice-Hall. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-1329-1898-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=FtoWAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 6 February 2022. 
  27. ↑ Weiler, Björn K. U.; MacLean, Simon (2006) (en ۾). Representations of Power in Medieval Germany 800–1500. Isd. p. 126. ISBN 978-2-5035-1815-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=fv1nAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 9 March 2022. 
  28. ↑ Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017) (en ۾). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100–1350: Essays by German Historians. Taylor & Francis. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-3170-2200-8. 
  29. ↑ Streissguth, Tom (2009) (en ۾). The Middle Ages. Greenhaven Publishing. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-7377-4636-5. 
  30. ↑ Wilson 199918.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Whaley 2012a17–21.
  32. ↑ Bryce 18902–3.
  33. ↑ Garipzanov 2008.
  34. ↑ Breverton 2014104.
  35. ↑ Wilson 2016b79.
  36. ↑ Brady 2009104–106.
  37. ↑ Brady 2009128, 129.
  38. ↑ Johnson 199623.


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