هيليئم

هيليئم (Helium) (يوناني: ἥλιος؛ رومانوي:helios) هڪ ڪيميائي عنصر آهي؛ ان جي علامت He ۽ ايٽمي نمبر 2 آهي. هي هڪ بي رنگ، بي بوءِ، بي ذائقو، غير زهريلو، انارٽ، مونو اٽامڪ گيس آهي ۽ پيريوڊيڪل ٽيبل ۾ نوبل گيس گروپ ۾ پهريون آهي.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] هي هائيڊروجن کان پوءِ مشاهدي واري ڪائنات ۾ ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ هلڪو ۽ ٻيو وڏو عنصر آهي. اهو ڪل عنصري ڪميت جو 24 سيڪڙو موجود آهي، جيڪو سڀني وڏن عناصرن جي گڏيل ڪميتن کان 12 ڀيرا وڌيڪ آهي. هيليئم کان پوءِ ايندڙ ٽن عنصرن جي حوالي سان هيليئم-4 جي تمام گهڻي ايٽمي بائنڊنگ انرجي (في نيوڪلون) جي ڪري سج ۽ مشتري ٻنهي ۾ ان جي گهڻائي ساڳي آهي. هي هيليم-4 بائنڊنگ انرجي ان لاءِ به حساب رکي ٿي ڇو ته اها ائٽمي فيوزن ۽ ريڊيويڪل ڊیڪي ٻنهي جي پيداوار آهي. ڪائنات ۾ هيليم جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام آئسوٽوپ هيليم-4 آهي، جنهن جي وڏي اڪثريت بگ بينگ دوران ٺاهي وئي هئي. نئين هيليم جي وڏي مقدار ستارن ۾ هائڊروجن جي ايٽمي فيوزن ذريعي ٺاهي وئي آهي.

هيليم پهريون ڀيرو 1868ع ۾ سج گرهڻ دوران سج جي روشنيءَ ۾ اڻڄاتل، پيلي اسپيڪٽرل لڪير جي نشاني جي طور تي جارجس ريٽ، ^[6] ڪئپٽن سي ٽي هيگ،^[7] نارمن آر. پوگسن ^[8] ۽ ليفٽيننٽ جان هرشل^[9] پاران دريافت ڪيو ويو. ۽ بعد ۾ فرانسيسي آسترونومر، جولیس جانسین^[10] طرفان تصديق ڪئي وئي. جانسن عام طور تي نارمن لاکير سان گڏ عنصر کي ڳولڻ سان گڏيل طور تي اعتبار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جانسن 1868ع جي سج گرهڻ دوران هيليم اسپيڪٽرل لڪير کي رڪارڊ ڪيو، جڏهن ته لاکير ان جو مشاهدو برطانيه مان ڪيو. بهرحال، صرف لاڪير اهو تجويز ڪيو ته لڪير هڪ نئين عنصر جي ڪري هئي، جنهن جو نالو هن سج جي نالي تي رکيو. عنصر جي باضابطه دريافت سال 1895ع ۾ ڪيمسٽ سر وليم رامسي، پروفیسر ٽيوڊور ڪلايو ۽ نيلس ابراهام لنگليٽ پاران ڪئي وئي، جن کي هيليم مليو، جيڪو يورينيم جي معدنيات مان نڪرندو هو، جيڪو هاڻي هڪ الڳ معدني نسل نه آهي، پر يورينائيٽ جو هڪ قسم جي طور تي.^[11] سال 1903ع ۾، هيليم جا وڏا ذخيرا آمريڪا جي مختلف حصن ۾ قدرتي گئس جي فيلڊن ۾ مليا، جيڪي اڄ تائين گئس جو سڀ کان وڏو سپلائر آهي.

مائع هيليم کرائیوجینک (cryogenics) (ان جو سڀ کان وڏو اڪيلو استعمال، پيداوار جي هڪ چوٿين جي باري ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ)، سپر ڪنڊڪٽنگ مقناطيس جي ڪولنگ ۽ ايم آر آئي اسڪينر ۾ ان جي مکيه تجارتي ايپليڪيشن ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. هيليم جا ٻيا صنعتي استعمال، جيئن گئس کي پريشر ڪرڻ ۽ صاف ڪرڻ، آرڪ ويلڊنگ لاءِ حفاظتي ماحول جي طور تي ۽ عملن ۾ جيئن ته سلڪون ويفرز ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪرسٽل اُڀري، پيداوار جي اڌ گيس جو حساب آهي. هڪ ننڍڙو پر معروف استعمال غبارن ۽ هوائي جهازن ۾ گئس کڻڻ جي طور تي آهي.^[12] جيئن ڪنهن به گيس سان جنهن جي کثافت هوا کان مختلف هجي، هيليم جي هڪ ننڍڙي مقدار کي ساهه کڻڻ سان انساني آواز جي ٽمبر ۽ معيار کي عارضي طور تي تبديل ڪري ٿو. سائنسي تحقيق ۾، هيليم-4 (هيليم 1 ۽ هيليم 2) جي ٻن فلوئڊ مرحلن جو رويو انهن محققن لاءِ اهم آهي جيڪي ڪوانٽم ميڪانڪس جو مطالعو ڪري رهيا آهن (خاص طور تي سپر فلوئڊيٽي جي ملڪيت) ۽ انهن لاءِ جيڪي رجحان کي ڏسن ٿا، جهڙوڪ سپر ڪنڊڪٽيویٽي، پيدا ٿيل. معاملي ۾ بلڪل صفر جي ويجهو.

ڌرتيء تي، اهو نسبتا نادر آهي (فضا ۾ حجم جي لحاظ کان 5.2 ذرات في ملين). اڄڪلهه موجود اڪثر زميني هيليم قدرتي تابڪاري عنصرن (ٿوريم ۽ يورينيم، جيتوڻيڪ ٻيا مثال به موجود آهن) جي قدرتي تابڪاري ڪٽڻ سان پيدا ڪيا ويا آهن، جيئن ته اهڙين Decay مان خارج ٿيندڙ الفا ذرڙا هيليئم-4 نيوڪليس تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. هي ريڊيوجينڪ هيليم قدرتي گئس سان گڏ 7 سيڪڙو مقدار جي لحاظ کان وڏي مقدار ۾ ڦاٿل آهي، جنهن مان ان کي تجارتي طور تي گھٽ درجه حرارت جي الڳ ٿيڻ واري عمل ذريعي ڪڍيو ويندو آهي جنهن کي فريڪشنل ڊسٽليشن سڏيو ويندو آهي. زميني هيليم هڪ غير قابل تجديد وسيلو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هڪ ڀيرو فضا ۾ ڇڏيل آهي، اهو فوري طور تي خلا ۾ ڀڄي ويندو آهي. ان جي فراهمي تيزي سان گهٽجڻ لڳي.^[13] ^[14] بهرحال، ڪجهه مطالعن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته هيليم ڌرتيء جي اندر تابڪاري جي Decay سان پيدا ٿئي ٿي، قدرتي گئس جي ذخيرن ۾ گڏ ٿي سگهي ٿي توقع کان وڏي مقدار ۾، ڪجهه حالتن ۾ آتش فشاني سرگرمي طرفان جاري ڪئي وئي آهي.^[15]

حوالا

↑ Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017). "On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements". Foundations of Chemistry 20 (2018): 191–207. doi:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7.
↑ Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019). ""The" periodic table". Chemical & Engineering News 97 (3). https://cen.acs.org/articles/97/i3/Reactions.html. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
↑ Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013). "Neon behind the signs". Nature Chemistry 5 (2013): 438. doi:10.1038/nchem.1631. PMID 23609097. Bibcode: 2013NatCh...5..438G.
↑ Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020). "Helium's placement in the Periodic Table from a crystal structure viewpoint". IUCrJ 7 (4): 577–578. doi:10.1107/S2052252520007769. PMID 32695406. PMC 7340260. Bibcode: 2020IUCrJ...7..577K. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342152661. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
↑ Labarca, Martín; Srivaths, Akash (2016). "On the Placement of Hydrogen and Helium in the Periodic System: A New Approach". Bulgarian Journal of Science Education 25 (4): 514–530. https://www.academia.edu/27974090. Retrieved 19 June 2020. آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 29 November 2021 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.
↑ Rayet, G. (1868) "Analyse spectral des protubérances observées, pendant l'éclipse totale de Soleil visible le 18 août 1868, à la presqu'île de Malacca" (Spectral analysis of the protuberances observed during the total solar eclipse, seen on 18 August 1868, from the Malacca peninsula), Comptes rendus ... , 67 : 757–759. From p. 758: " ... je vis immédiatement une série de neuf lignes brillantes qui ... me semblent devoir être assimilées aux lignes principales du spectre solaire, B, D, E, b, une ligne inconnue, F, et deux lignes du groupe G." ( ... I saw immediately a series of nine bright lines that ... seemed to me should be classed as the principal lines of the solar spectrum, B, D, E, b, an unknown line, F, and two lines of the group G.)
↑ Captain C. T. Haig (1868) "Account of spectroscopic observations of the eclipse of the sun, August 18th, 1868" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 17 : 74–80. From p. 74: "I may state at once that I observed the spectra of two red flames close to each other, and in their spectra two broad bright bands quite sharply defined, one rose-madder and the other light golden."
↑ Pogson filed his observations of the 1868 eclipse with the local Indian government, but his report wasn't published. (Biman B. Nath, The Story of Helium and the Birth of Astrophysics (New York, New York: Springer, 2013), p. 8.) Nevertheless, Lockyer quoted from his report. From p. 320 آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 17 August 2018 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. of Lockyer, J. Norman (1896) "The story of helium. Prologue," Nature, 53 : 319–322 : "Pogson, in referring to the eclipse of 1868, said that the yellow line was "at D, or near D." "
↑ Lieutenant John Herschel (1868) "Account of the solar eclipse of 1868, as seen at Jamkandi in the Bombay Presidency," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 17 : 104–120. From p. 113: As the moment of the total solar eclipse approached, " ... I recorded an increasing brilliancy in the spectrum in the neighborhood of D, so great in fact as to prevent any measurement of that line till an opportune cloud moderated the light. I am not prepared to offer any explanation of this." From p. 117: "I also consider that there can be no question that the ORANGE LINE was identical with D, so far as the capacity of the instrument to establish any such identity is concerned."
↑
In his initial report to the French Academy of Sciences about the 1868 eclipse, Janssen made no mention of a yellow line in the solar spectrum. See:
- Janssen (1868) "Indication de quelques-uns des résultats obtenus à Cocanada, pendant l'éclipse du mois d'août dernier, et à la suite de cette éclipse" (Information on some of the results obtained at Cocanada, during the eclipse of the month of last August, and following that eclipse), Comptes rendus ... , 67 : 838–839.
- Wheeler M. Sears, Helium: The Disappearing Element (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2015), p. 44.
- Françoise Launay with Storm Dunlop, trans., The Astronomer Jules Janssen: A Globetrotter of Celestial Physics (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2012), p. 45.However, subsequently, in an unpublished letter of 19 December 1868 to Charles Sainte-Claire Deville, Janssen asked Deville to inform the French Academy of Sciences that : "Several observers have claimed the bright D line as forming part of the spectrum of the prominences on 18 August. The bright yellow line did indeed lie very close to D, but the light was more refrangible [i.e., of shorter wavelength] than those of the D lines. My subsequent studies of the Sun have shown the accuracy of what I state here." (See: (Launay, 2012), p. 45.)
↑ "Uraninite". Mindat.org. حاصل ڪيل 14 February 2020.
↑ Rose, Melinda. "Helium: Up, Up and Away?". Photonics Spectra. وقت 22 August 2010 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 27 February 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد) For a more authoritative but older 1996 pie chart showing U.S. helium use by sector, showing much the same result, see the chart reproduced in "Applications" section of this article.
↑ Connor, Steve (23 August 2010). "Why the world is running out of helium". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/why-the-world-is-running-out-of-helium-2059357.html.
↑ Siegel, Ethan. "Why the World Will Run Out of Helium". Starts with a Bang. Scienceblogs.com. وقت 14 September 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 September 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
↑ Sample, Ian (28 June 2016). "Huge helium gas find in east Africa averts medical shortage". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jun/28/huge-helium-gas-tanzania-east-africa-averts-medical-shortage.

[1] Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017). "On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements". Foundations of Chemistry 20 (2018): 191–207. doi:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7.

[2] Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019). ""The" periodic table". Chemical & Engineering News 97 (3). https://cen.acs.org/articles/97/i3/Reactions.html. Retrieved 27 March 2020.

[3] Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013). "Neon behind the signs". Nature Chemistry 5 (2013): 438. doi:10.1038/nchem.1631. PMID 23609097. Bibcode: 2013NatCh...5..438G.

[4] Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020). "Helium's placement in the Periodic Table from a crystal structure viewpoint". IUCrJ 7 (4): 577–578. doi:10.1107/S2052252520007769. PMID 32695406. PMC 7340260. Bibcode: 2020IUCrJ...7..577K. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342152661. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

[5] Labarca, Martín; Srivaths, Akash (2016). "On the Placement of Hydrogen and Helium in the Periodic System: A New Approach". Bulgarian Journal of Science Education 25 (4): 514–530. https://www.academia.edu/27974090. Retrieved 19 June 2020. آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 29 November 2021 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين.

[6] Rayet, G. (1868) "Analyse spectral des protubérances observées, pendant l'éclipse totale de Soleil visible le 18 août 1868, à la presqu'île de Malacca" (Spectral analysis of the protuberances observed during the total solar eclipse, seen on 18 August 1868, from the Malacca peninsula), Comptes rendus ... , 67 : 757–759. From p. 758: " ... je vis immédiatement une série de neuf lignes brillantes qui ... me semblent devoir être assimilées aux lignes principales du spectre solaire, B, D, E, b, une ligne inconnue, F, et deux lignes du groupe G." ( ... I saw immediately a series of nine bright lines that ... seemed to me should be classed as the principal lines of the solar spectrum, B, D, E, b, an unknown line, F, and two lines of the group G.)

[7] Captain C. T. Haig (1868) "Account of spectroscopic observations of the eclipse of the sun, August 18th, 1868" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 17 : 74–80. From p. 74: "I may state at once that I observed the spectra of two red flames close to each other, and in their spectra two broad bright bands quite sharply defined, one rose-madder and the other light golden."

[8] Pogson filed his observations of the 1868 eclipse with the local Indian government, but his report wasn't published. (Biman B. Nath, The Story of Helium and the Birth of Astrophysics (New York, New York: Springer, 2013), p. 8.) Nevertheless, Lockyer quoted from his report. From p. 320 آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 17 August 2018 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. of Lockyer, J. Norman (1896) "The story of helium. Prologue," Nature, 53 : 319–322 : "Pogson, in referring to the eclipse of 1868, said that the yellow line was "at D, or near D." "

[9] Lieutenant John Herschel (1868) "Account of the solar eclipse of 1868, as seen at Jamkandi in the Bombay Presidency," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 17 : 104–120. From p. 113: As the moment of the total solar eclipse approached, " ... I recorded an increasing brilliancy in the spectrum in the neighborhood of D, so great in fact as to prevent any measurement of that line till an opportune cloud moderated the light. I am not prepared to offer any explanation of this." From p. 117: "I also consider that there can be no question that the ORANGE LINE was identical with D, so far as the capacity of the instrument to establish any such identity is concerned."

[10] In his initial report to the French Academy of Sciences about the 1868 eclipse, Janssen made no mention of a yellow line in the solar spectrum. See:
Janssen (1868) "Indication de quelques-uns des résultats obtenus à Cocanada, pendant l'éclipse du mois d'août dernier, et à la suite de cette éclipse" (Information on some of the results obtained at Cocanada, during the eclipse of the month of last August, and following that eclipse), Comptes rendus ... , 67 : 838–839.

Wheeler M. Sears, Helium: The Disappearing Element (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2015), p. 44.

Françoise Launay with Storm Dunlop, trans., The Astronomer Jules Janssen: A Globetrotter of Celestial Physics (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2012), p. 45.However, subsequently, in an unpublished letter of 19 December 1868 to Charles Sainte-Claire Deville, Janssen asked Deville to inform the French Academy of Sciences that : "Several observers have claimed the bright D line as forming part of the spectrum of the prominences on 18 August. The bright yellow line did indeed lie very close to D, but the light was more refrangible [i.e., of shorter wavelength] than those of the D lines. My subsequent studies of the Sun have shown the accuracy of what I state here." (See: (Launay, 2012), p. 45.)

[11] Janssen (1868) "Indication de quelques-uns des résultats obtenus à Cocanada, pendant l'éclipse du mois d'août dernier, et à la suite de cette éclipse" (Information on some of the results obtained at Cocanada, during the eclipse of the month of last August, and following that eclipse), Comptes rendus ... , 67 : 838–839.

[12] Wheeler M. Sears, Helium: The Disappearing Element (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2015), p. 44.

[13] Françoise Launay with Storm Dunlop, trans., The Astronomer Jules Janssen: A Globetrotter of Celestial Physics (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2012), p. 45.However, subsequently, in an unpublished letter of 19 December 1868 to Charles Sainte-Claire Deville, Janssen asked Deville to inform the French Academy of Sciences that : "Several observers have claimed the bright D line as forming part of the spectrum of the prominences on 18 August. The bright yellow line did indeed lie very close to D, but the light was more refrangible [i.e., of shorter wavelength] than those of the D lines. My subsequent studies of the Sun have shown the accuracy of what I state here." (See: (Launay, 2012), p. 45.)

[mindat_uraninite2-11] "Uraninite". Mindat.org. حاصل ڪيل 14 February 2020.

[12] Rose, Melinda. "Helium: Up, Up and Away?". Photonics Spectra. وقت 22 August 2010 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 27 February 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد) For a more authoritative but older 1996 pie chart showing U.S. helium use by sector, showing much the same result, see the chart reproduced in "Applications" section of this article.

[13] Connor, Steve (23 August 2010). "Why the world is running out of helium". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/why-the-world-is-running-out-of-helium-2059357.html.

[14] Siegel, Ethan. "Why the World Will Run Out of Helium". Starts with a Bang. Scienceblogs.com. وقت 14 September 2013 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 16 September 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)

[Sample2-15] Sample, Ian (28 June 2016). "Huge helium gas find in east Africa averts medical shortage". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/jun/28/huge-helium-gas-tanzania-east-africa-averts-medical-shortage.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]