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ڪِرگزِستانُ: جي ورجائن ۾ تفاوت

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{{Infobox Country |
native_name = Кыргыз Республикасы<br />''Kyrgyz Respublikasy''<br />Кыргызская республика<br />''Kyrgyzskaya respublika'' |
conventional_long_name = Kyrgyz Republic |
common_name = Kyrgyzstan |
image_flag = Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg |
image_coat = National emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg |
national_motto = ''none'' |
image_map = LocationKyrgyzstan.png |
national_anthem = [[ڪرگز رياست جو قومي ترانو|جو قومي ترانو <br /> ڪرگز رياست]] |
سرڪاري_ٻوليون = [[ڪرگز ٻولي|ڪرگزي]], [[روسي ٻولي|روسي]] |
capital = [[Bishkek]] |
latd=42 |latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=74 |longm=36 |longEW=E |
حڪومت_طرز = [[رياست]] |
leader_titles = [[President of Kyrgyzstan|President]]<br />
[[ڪرگزستان جو وزير اعظم|وزير اعظم]] |
leader_names = [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]]<br /> [[Feliks Kulov]] |
وڏو ترين_شھر = [[Bishkek]] |
پکيڙ = 198,500 |
areami² = 76,621 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->|
area_magnitude=1 E11|
area_rank = 86th |
percent_water = 3.6% |
population_estimate = 5,146,281 |<!--cia.gov-->
population_estimate_year = July 2005 |
population_estimate_rank = 111th |
population_census = 4,896,100 |
population_census_year = 1999 |
population_density = 25 |
population_densitymi² = 67 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->|
population_density_rank = 147 |
GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |
GDP_PPP = $9.324 billion |<!--cia.gov-->
GDP_PPP_rank = 142nd |
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,800 |
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 190th |
HDI_year = 2003 |
HDI = 0.702 |
HDI_rank = 109th |
HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |
sovereignty_type = [[History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|Independence]] |
established_events = &nbsp;- Declared<br /> &nbsp;- Recognized<br /> &nbsp;- Formerly |
established_dates = From the [[Soviet Union]]<br /> [[31 August]] [[1991]]<br />
[[December]] [[1991]] <br /> [[Kyrgyz SSR]] <br /> |
currency = [[Kyrgyzstani Som|Som]] |
currency_code = KGS |
time_zone = [[Kyrgyzstan Time|KGT]] |
utc_offset = +5 |
time_zone_DST = [[Kyrgyzstan Summer Time|KGST]] |
utc_offset_DST = +6 |
cctld = [[.kg]] |
calling_code = 996 |
footnotes =
}}
 
'''ڪِرگزِستانُ''' ([[ڪرگز ٻولي|ڪرگزي]]ءَ ۾ Кыргызстан) (فارسيءَ ۾ قرقيزستان) [[وچ ايشيا]] جو ملڪ آهي. اهو ملڪ [[ڀونءِ گھيريل]] ۽ جابلو آهي.
 
, variously [[transliteration|transliterated]]), formally the '''Kyrgyz Republic''', and sometimes known as '''krgston''', is a country in [[Central Asia]]. [[Landlocked]] and mountainous, it borders [[Tulip Revolution|revolution]] after the parliamentary elections in March 2005 and President Akayev's resignation on [[April 4]], [[2005]], opposition leaders formed a coalition and a new government was formed under President [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]] and Prime Minister [[Feliks Kulov]].
 
Political stability appears to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime are jockeying for power. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 have been assassinated since then, most recently [[Tynychbek Ahmatbayev]]. All three are reputed to have been directly involved in illegal business.
 
== تاريخ ==
{{main|History of Kyrgyzstan}}
 
The earliest ancestors of the [[Kirghiz]] people, who are believed to be of mixed [[Mongol]] and [[Kipchak]] descent, probably settled until the 10th century around what is now the [[Tuva]] region of the [[Russian Federation]]. With the rise of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the 13th century, the Kyrgyz migrated south. They did not emerge as a distinct [[ethnic group]] until the 15th century. Various Turkic peoples ruled them until [[1685]], when they came under the control of the [[Kalmyks]] ([[Oirats]], [[Dzungars]]). [[Islam]] is the predominant religion in the region, and most of the Kyrgyz are [[Sunni]] Muslims of the [[Hanafi|Hanafi school]].
 
In the early 19th century, the southern territory of today's Kyrgyzstan came under the control of the [[Khanate of Kokand]], and the territory was formally incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]] in [[1876]]. The Russian takeover instigated numerous revolts against tsarist authority, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to move to the Pamirs and [[Afghanistan]]. In addition, the suppression of the [[1916]] rebellion in [[Central Asia]] caused many Kyrgyz to migrate to [[China]].
 
Soviet power was initially established in the region in [[1919]], and the [[Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast]] was created within the [[Russian SFSR]] (the term Kara-Kirghiz was used until the mid-1920s by the Russians to distinguish them from the Kazakhs, who were also referred to as Kirghiz). On [[December 5]], [[1936]], the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]] (SSR) was established as a full Union Republic of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]].
 
During the 1920s, Kyrgyzstan developed considerably in cultural, educational, and social life. Literacy was greatly improved, and a standard literary language was introduced. Economic and social development also was notable. Many aspects of the Kyrgyz national culture were retained despite the suppression of nationalist activity under [[Stalin]], and, therefore, tensions with the all-Union authorities were constant.
 
The early years of [[glasnost]] had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, ''Literaturny Kirghizstan'', by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in [[1989]] to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function.
 
In June [[1990]], ethnic tensions between [[Uzbeks]] and Kyrgyz surfaced in the [[Osh Oblast]], where Uzbeks form a majority of the population. Violent confrontations ensued, and a state of emergency and curfew were introduced. Order was not restored until August.
 
The early 1990s brought measurable change to Kyrgyzstan. By then, the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (KDM) had developed into a significant political force with support in Parliament. In an upset victory, Askar Akayev, the liberal President of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, was elected to the Presidency in October 1990. The following January, Akayev introduced new government structures and appointed a new government comprised mainly of younger, reform-oriented politicians.
 
In December 1990 the Supreme Soviet voted to change the republic's name to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. (In [[1993]], it became the Kyrgyz Republic.) In February 1991, the name of the capital, Frunze, was changed back to its prerevolutionary name of Bishkek. The [[Kyrgyz language]] replaced [[Russian language|Russian]] as the official language in September 1991. (Kyrgyz is a member of the Southern Turkic group of languages and was written in the [[Arabic alphabet]] until the 20th century. [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]] was introduced and adopted in [[1928]], and was subsequently replaced by [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] in [[1941]].) Despite these aesthetic moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the U.S.S.R. In a referendum on the preservation of the U.S.S.R. in March [[1991]], 88.7% of the voters approved the proposal to retain the U.S.S.R. as a "renewed federation."
 
On [[August 19]], [[1991]], when the [[State Emergency Committee]] assumed power in [[Moscow]], there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup had collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the [[Communist Party Soviet Union]] (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the USSR on [[August 31]], [[1991]].
 
In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95% of the votes cast. Together with the representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the Treaty of the New Economic Community. Finally, on [[December 21]], 1991, Kyrgyzstan joined with the other four Central Asian Republics to formally enter the new [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the [[UN]] and the [[CSCE]].
 
Current concerns in Kyrgyzstan include: privatization of state-owned enterprises, expansion of democracy and political freedoms, inter-ethnic relations, and terrorism.
 
== سياست ==
{{main|ڪرگزستان جي سياست}}
 
The [[1993]] constitution defines the form of government as a democratic republic. The executive branch includes a president and prime minister. The parliament currently is bicameral. The judicial branch comprises a Supreme Court, a Constitutional Court, local courts, and a Chief Prosecutor.
 
In March [[2002]], in the southern district of [[Aksy]], five people protesting the arbitrary arrest of an opposition politician were shot dead by police, sparking nationwide protests. President Akayev initiated a constitutional reform process which initially included the participation of a broad range of government, civil, and social representatives in an open dialogue, leading to a February [[2003]] referendum marred by voting irregularities. The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court. Parlimentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on February 27 and March 13, 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless [[coup]] on March 24, after which Akayev fled the country and was replaced by acting president [[Kurmanbek Bakiev]] (see: [[Tulip Revolution]]).
 
Interim government leaders are developing a new governing structure for the country and working to resolve outstanding constitutional issues. On [[July 10]], [[2005]], acting president Bakiev won a [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2005|presidential election]] in a landslide, with 88.9% of the vote and was inaugurated on [[14 August]] in Bishkek. As of early 2006, however, initial public support for the new administration has substantially declined as a result of its apparent inability to solve the corruption problems that have plagued the country since its independence from the Soviet Union, along with the murders of three members of parliament.
 
== صُوبا ==
 
{{مبسس4}}ڪرگزستان ستن صوبن (واحد: '''اوبلاسٽ''' (''область'') ؛ جمع: '''اوبلاسٽار''' (''областтар'')) ۾ وراھيل آهي؛ جن جو انتظام مقرر ڪيل گورنر هلائيندا آهن، جڏهن ته گاديءَ جي هنڌ وارو شهر [[بشڪيڪ]] انتظامي لحاظ کان آزاد شهر (شار) آهي.
 
[[عڪس:Kyrgyzstan provinces.png|300px|کاٻو|ڪرگزستان جا صوبا]]
 
 
{{مبسس4}}صوبا ۽ سندن گاديءَ جا هنڌ هيٺين نالن سان سڃاتا وڃن ٿا:
 
# {{مبسس4}}[[بشڪيڪ]] (شار)
# {{مبسس4}}[[باتڪن صوبو]] ([[باتڪن]])
# {{مبسس4}}[[چُئِي صوبو]] ([[توڪموڪ]])
# {{مبسس4}}[[جلال آباد صوبو]] ([[جلال آباد]])
# {{مبسس4}}[[نارائڻ صوبو]] ([[نارائڻ]])
# {{مبسس4}}[[اوش صوبو]] ([[اوش]])
# {{مبسس4}}[[تلاس صوبو]] ([[تلاس]])
# {{مبسس4}}[[عيسائڪ ڪل صوبو]] ([[ڪاراڪول]])
 
هرهڪ صوبو ڪيترن ئي ضلعن تي ٻڌل آهي، جن جي انتظاميه حڪومت جي اپوائنٽ ڪيل ڪامورن جي ماتحت هوندي آهي. اهڙيون ديهي نياتُون، جيڪي وڌ ۾ وڌ 20 ننڍين وسندين تي مشتمل هجن، تن کي پنهنجا چونڊيل ميئر ۽ ڪائونسلُون ٿين.
 
Each province comprises a number of [[district]]s (''[[rayon]]''), administered by government-appointed officials (''akim''). Rural communities (''ayıl ökmötü'') consisting of up to twenty small settlements have their own elected [[mayor]]s and [[council]]s.
 
== ڀون نگاري ==
[[عڪس:Kyrgyzstanmap.png|thumbnail|300px|{{مبسس4}}ڪرگزستان جو نقشو]]
{{main|{{مبسس4}}ڪرگزستان جي ڀون نگاري}}
 
Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in [[Central Asia]], bordering [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. The mountainous region of the [[Tian Shan]] covers the majority of the nation, with the remainder made up of its valleys and basins. [[Issyk-Kul]] in the north-western Tian Shan is the largest lake in Kyrgyzstan and the second largest mountain lake in the world after [[Titicaca]]. The highest peaks are in the Kakshaal-Too range, forming the Chinese border. [[Pik Pobedy]] (Victory Peak), at 24,400 feet (7,439 m), is the highest point and is considered by geologists (though not mountaineers) to be the northernmost 23,000 [[foot(unit of length)|foot]] (7,000 m) peak in the world. Heavy snowfall in winter leads to heavy spring floods which often cause serious damage downstream. The runoff from the mountains is also utilized, however, for substantial generation of hydro-electricity.
 
The climate varies regionally. The south-western [[Fergana Valley]] is [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] and extremely hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F.) The northern foothills are [[temperate climate|temperate]] and the Tian Shan varies from dry [[continental climate|continental]] to [[polar climate]], depending on elevation. In the coldest areas temperatures are sub-zero for around 40 days in winter, and even some desert areas experience constant snowfall in this period.
 
Kyrgyzstan has significant deposits of rare metals including [[gold]] and also some [[coal]], [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]]. Less than 8% of the land is cultivated, and this is concentrated in the northern lowlands and the fringes of the Fergana Valley.
 
[[Bishkek]] in the north is the capital and largest city, with approximately 900,000 inhabitants in 2005. The second city is the ancient town of [[Osh]], located in the Fergana Valley near the border with Uzbekistan. The principal river is the [[Naryn River|Naryn]], flowing west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan, where it meets another of Kyrgyzstan's major rivers, the [[Kara Darya]] and forms the [[Syr Darya]] which eventually flows into the [[Aral Sea]] -- although the massive extraction of water for irrigating Uzbekistan's cotton fields now causes the river to dry up long before reaching the Aral Sea. The [[Chui]] river also briefly flows through Kyrgyzstan before entering Kazakhstan.
 
=== اينڪليو ۽ ايڪسڪليو ===
ڪرگزستان کي هڪڙو ايڪسڪليو پڻ آهي. اهو ايڪسڪليو فرغانه ماٿريءَ ۾ براڪ [http://home.no.net/enklaver/kyrgyzstan.htm] نالي هڪ ننڍي ڳوٺڙي (ماڻهسيه 627) تي ٻڌل آهي. ڳوٺ جي چوڌاري ازبڪي سرزمين آهي، ۽ مارگيلان ۽ فرغانه شهرن جي درميان واقع آهي.
 
 
[[exclave]], the tiny village of Barak , (population 627) in the [[Fergana]] valley. The village is surrounded by Uzbek territory and located between the towns of [[Margilan]] and Fergana.
 
There are four Uzbek [[enclave]]s within Kyrgyzstan. Two of them are the towns of [[Sokh]] (area 125&nbsp;sq.&nbsp;mi/325 km² and a population of 42,800 in [[1993]], although some estimates go as high as 70,000; 99% are Tajiks, the remainder Uzbeks), and [[Shakhrimardan]] (also known as Shakirmardon or Shah-i-Mardan, area 35&nbsp;sq.&nbsp;mi/90 km² and a population of 5,100 in 1993; 91% are Uzbeks, the remainder Kyrgyz); the other two are the tiny territories of Chuy-Kara (or Kalacha, roughly 3 km long by 1 km wide or 2 [[mile|mi]] by 0.6 mi) and Dzhangail (a dot of land barely 2 or 3 km across). Chuy-Kara is on the Sokh river, between the Uzbek border and the Sokh enclave.
 
There also are two enclaves belonging to Tajikistan: [[Vorukh]] (exclave area between 95 and 130 km² [37–50&nbsp;sq.&nbsp;mi], population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz, distributed among 17 villages), located 45 kilometres (28&nbsp;mi) south of [[Isfara]] on the right bank of the [[Karafshin]] river, and a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of [[Kairagach]].
 
== معيشت ==
{{main|ڪرگزستان جي معيشت}}
 
Despite the backing of major Western donors, including the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[World Bank]] and the [[Asian Development Bank]], the Kyrgyz Republic has had economic difficulties following independence. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trading bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the republic's transition to a free market economy. The government has reduced expenditures, ended most price subsidies, and introduced a [[value-added tax]]. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition to a [[market economy]]. Through economic stabilization and reform, the government seeks to establish a pattern of long-term consistent growth. Reforms led to the Kyrgyz Republic's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) on [[December 20]], 1998.
 
The Kyrgyz Republic's economy was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nation's economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Tajikistan]], as factories and state farms collapsed with the disappearance of their traditional markets in the former Soviet Union. While economic performance has improved considerably in the last few years, and particularly since 1998, difficulties remain in securing adequate fiscal revenues and providing an adequate [[social safety net]].
 
[[Agriculture]] is an important sector of the economy in the Kyrgyz Republic. By the early 1990s, the private agricultural sector provided between one-third and one-half of some harvests. In 2002 agriculture accounted for 35.6% of GDP and about half of employment. The Kyrgyz Republic's terrain is mountainous, which accommodates [[livestock]] raising, the largest agricultural activity. Main crops include [[wheat]], [[sugar beets]], potatoes, [[cotton]], [[tobacco]], [[vegetables]], and [[fruit]]. [[Wool]], [[meat]], and [[dairy product]]s also are major commodities.
 
Agricultural processing is a key component of the industrial economy, as well as one of the most attractive sectors for foreign investment. The Kyrgyz Republic is rich in mineral resources but has negligible petroleum and natural gas reserves; it imports petroleum and gas. Among its mineral reserves are substantial deposits of [[coal]], [[gold]], [[uranium]], [[antimony]], and other [[rare-earth metals]]. [[Metallurgy]] is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment in this field. The government has actively encouraged foreign involvement in extracting and processing gold. The Kyrgyz Republic's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of [[hydroelectric energy]].
 
On a local level, the economy is primarily kiosk in nature. A large amount of local commerce occurs at bazaars and small village kiosks. Commodities such as gas are often sold road-side in gallon jugs. A significant amount of trade is unregulated. There is also a scarcity of common everyday consumer items in remote villages. Thus a large number of homes are quite self-sufficient with respect to food production. There is a distinct differentiation between urban and rural economies.
 
The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woolen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy, and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods, and some construction materials. Its leading trade partners include [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[China]], and neighboring [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].
 
== ماڻھنگاري ==
{{main|Demographics of Kyrgyzstan}}
 
''The World Almanac 2005'' reported that Kyrgyzstan's population is slightly more than 5 million, estimating it at 5,081,429. Of those, 34.4% are under the age of 15 and 6.2% are over the age of 65. The country is [[rural]]; only about one-third (33.9%) of Kyrgyzstan's population live in urban areas. The average [[population density]] is 69 people per square mile<!--spelled out per WP:MOSNUM--> (29 people per km<sup>2</sup>).
[[عڪس:GravesKyrgizstan.jpg|thumbnail|{{مبسس4}}روايتي قبرون]]
 
The nation's largest [[ethnic group]] are the [[Kyrgyz]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] peoples. The Kyrgyz comprise 69.5% percent of the population and have historically been semi-[[nomad]]ic herders, living in [[yurt]]s and tending [[sheep]], [[horse]]s and [[yak]]s. This nomadic tradition continues to function seasonaly as herding families return to high mountain pastures or jailoos in the summer. The retention of this nomadic heritage and the freedoms that it assumes continue to have an impact on the political atmosphere in the country. The name Kyrgyz, both for the people and for the nation itself, is said to mean either "forty girls", a reference to the Manas of folklore unifying forty tribes against the Mongols.
 
Other ethnic groups include [[Russians|ethnic Russians]] (9.0%) concentrated in the North and [[Uzbeks]] (14.5%) living in the South. Small, but noticeable minorities include [[Tatars]] (1.9), [[Uyghur]]s (1.1%), [[Kazakh]]s (0.7%) and [[Ukrainians]] (0.5%). Of the formerly sizeable [[Volga German]] community, exiled here by Stalin from their earlier homes in the Volga-German Republic, most have left to be repatriated in Germany, and only a few small groups remain.
 
== ثقافت ==
{{main|ڪرگزستان جي ثقافت}}
 
[[عڪس:Al-aksa range in Kirgistan.jpg|thumbnail|Al-Aksa gorge near Bishkek]]
 
* ''[[Manas (epic)|Manas]]'', an [[epic poem]]
* [[Tush kyiz]], large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings
 
=== مذھب ===
* 75 سيڪڙو ماڻھسيھ جو مذھب [[ڪرگزستان ۾ اسلام|اسلام]] آھي.
* [[رُوسي Orthodox Church|رُوسي Orthodox]] ۽ [[اُوڪريني Orthodox Church|اُوڪريني Orthodox]] مُک [[ڪرستان]] چرچون آھن
 
=== پرچم ===
It is considered that there are 40 Kyrgyz tribes. This is symbolized by the 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the flag of Kyrgyzstan. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or [[tunduk]] (Kyrgyz түндүк) of a [[yurt]], a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture.The red portion of the flag represents the banner of the Kyrgyz hero, Manas.
 
=== موڪلون ===
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | تاريخ
! style="background:#efefef;" | سنڌي نالو
! style="background:#efefef;" | مقامي نالو
! style="background:#efefef;" | Remarks
|-
| پھرين جنوري
| نئون سالُ
| Жаңы жыл
| ~
|-
|7ئين جنوري
| رُوسي Orthodox ڪرسمس
| Православдык рождествосу
| ~
|-
| مارچ 8th
| عورت ڏھاڙو
| Аялдар күнү
| ~
|-
| مارچ 21st
| [[نوروز]]
| Нооруз майрамы
| ~
|-
|1رين مَي
| پورھيت (پورھيت) ڏھاڙو
| Ишчилер күнү
| ~
|-
| مَي 5th
| آئين ڏھاڙو
| Конституция күнү
| ~
|-
| مَي 9th
| ٻين عالمي جنگ فتح ڏھاڙو
| Жеңиш күнү
| ~
|-
| آگسٽ 31st
| آزادي ڏھاڙو
| Эгемендүүлүк күнү
| ~
|}
 
== Miscellaneous topics ==
* [[Communications in Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Kyrgyzstan at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Kyrgyz parliamentary elections, 2005]]
* [[Kyrgyz presidential election, 2005]]
* [[List of cities in Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Military of Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Scouting in Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Transportation in Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Tulip Revolution]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of Kyrgyzstan]]
 
== حوالا ==
* ''Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan'' by Rafis Abazov
* ''Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy?'' by John Anderson
* ''Kyrgyzstan: The Growth and Influence of Islam in the Nations of Asia and Central Asia'' by Daniel E. Harmon
* ''Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia'' by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew
* ''Odyssey Guide: Kyrgyz Republic'' by Ceri Fairclough, Rowan Stewart and Susie Weldon,
 
== خارجي ڳنڍڻا ==
{{sisterlinks|ڪِرگزِستانُ}}
* [http://www.gov.kg/ Government of Kyrgyzstan] official site
* [http://www.president.kg/ President of the Kyrgyz Republic]
* [http://www.mvtp.kg/ Kyrgyzstan Ministry of External Trade and Industry]
* [http://www.ktr.kg/tv/en/ Kyrgyz State Television and Radio]
* [http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/kyrgyzstan/hypermail/news/index.shtml Eurasianet - Kyrgyzstan Daily Digest] news
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Kyrgyzstan Open Directory Project - ''Kyrgyzstan''] directory category
* [http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Kyrgyzstan.html Encyclopedia of the Nations - Kyrgyzstan]
* [http://www.freenet.kg/kyrgyzstan/manas.html The "Manas" epic]
* [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/kyrgyzstan/ PBS documentary on Kyrgyz bride "kidnapping"] March 2004
* [http://barthphoto.com/Kyrgyzstan.htm Photos of traditional life in Kyrgyzstan]
* [http://www.uni-graz.at/franz.koelbl/kirgisien/ Photo gallery and information about Kyrgyzstan] - in German
 
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"https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/ڪِرگزِستانُ" تان ورتل