روس: جي ورجائن ۾ تفاوت

ڊاٿل مواد شامل ڪيل مواد
سنوار جو تَتُ ڪونهي
ٽيگَ: موبائل سنوار موبائل ويب سنوار وڌيل موبائل سنوار
سنوار جو تَتُ ڪونهي
ٽيگَ: موبائل سنوار موبائل ويب سنوار وڌيل موبائل سنوار
سِٽَ 133:
1682 ۾ پيٽر اعظم روس جو زار يا بادشاھ ٿيو ۽ 1721ع ۾ ھن پنھنجي شھنشاھ ھجڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. ھن روس کي يورپ جي ھڪ وڏي طاقتور رياست بڻايو. ھن 1700 کان 1721 تائين ھلندڙ اتر واري وڏي جنگ ذريعي سويڊن کي شڪست ڏئي. 1703ع ۾ ھن بالٽڪ سمنڊ تي [[سينٽ پيٽرزبرگ]] شھر جو بنياد وجھي روس جي گادي جو هنڌ اتي منتقل ڪيو. ھن روسي ڪلچر کي اولھ يورپ واري ڪلچر ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ لاء سڌارا آندا جن روسي ڪلچر کي ڪافي تبديل ڪيو<ref name="early">{{cite web|last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/4.htm|title=Russia - Early Imperial Russia|year=1998|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>. سندس ڌي [[ايلزبيٿ (روس جي ملڪه)|ايلزبيٿ]] (1741–1762) جي دؤر ۾ روس [[ستن سالن واري جنگ]] (1756–1763) جي ور چڙھيو. ان جنگ ذريعي روس [[اوڀر پروشيا]] کي پنھنجي حدن ۾ ملائي برلن جي دروازن تائين پھتو پر ملڪه جي وفات بعد اھي علائقا پروشيا کي واپس موٽائي ڏنا ويا. عظيم [[ڪيٿرائين ٻين (روس)|ڪيٿرائين ٻين]] روس تي 1762ع کان 1796ع تائين حاڪم رھي جنھن جي دور کي [[روسي جاڳرتا]] وارو دور سڏيو ويندو آهي. ھن روس جي سرحد پولينڊ جي علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪرائميائي خانيٽ کي شڪست ڏئي ڪاري سمنڊ تائين وڌائي. ڪيٿرائين کان پوءِ سندس پٽ [[پال پھريون (روس)|پال پھريون]] تخت تي ويٺو. ان بعد 1801 ۾ [[اليگزينڊر پھريون (روس)|اليگزينڊر پھريون]] بادشاھ ٿيو جيڪو 1825ع تائين رھيو. ان جي دؤر ۾ روسي الاسڪا پھتا ۽ ان کي آباد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو<ref name="ruling">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/5.htm|title=Russia - Ruling the Empire|editor=Glenn E. Curtis|year=1998|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Territorial Expansion of Russia.svg|thumb|left|چوڏھين کان ويھين صدي تائين روس جي پکيڙ ۾ توسيع<ref>{{cite book|last=Chew|first=Allen F.|title=An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders|date=2009|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-01445-7}}</ref>]]
 
[[نيپولين واريون جنگون|نيپولين وارين جنگن]] دوران
روس فرانس جي ايمپائر خلاف ٻين يورپي ايمپائرن جي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1812ع ۾ فرانس جي فوج ماسڪو تائين پھتي ھئي پر کيس سخت مزاحمت ۽ سردي جي موسم سبب ناڪامي ڏسڻي پئي<ref name="ruling"/>. اتحادي فوج نيٺ پيرس ۾ داخل ٿي. روسي فوجي آفيسر جڏھن فرانس کان واپس
 
[[File:Koetoezov kazan.jpg|thumb|upright|Monument to [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] in front of the [[Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg|Kazan Cathedral]] in Saint Petersburg. The Kazan Cathedral and the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in Moscow were built to commemorate [[Napoleon]]'s defeat.]]
The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia with them and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive [[Decembrist revolt]] of 1825. At the end of the conservative reign of [[Nicolas&nbsp;I]] (1825–55), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the [[Crimean War]].<ref name="ruling"/> Between 1847 and 1851, around one million people died across the country due to [[cholera]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hosking|first=Geoffrey|date=2001|title=Russia and the Russians: A History|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|page=9|isbn=978-0-674-00473-3}}</ref>
 
Nicholas's successor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;II]] (1855–81) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the [[emancipation reform of 1861]]. These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the [[Balkans]] from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the [[1877–78 Russo-Turkish War]]. During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and [[British Empire|Britain]] vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire, Qajar Iran, and the [[Qing dynasty]]. This rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as "[[The Great Game]]".<ref name="ninteenth">{{cite web|last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/6.htm|title=Russia - Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century|year=1998|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>
 
The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander&nbsp;II was killed in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists, and the reign of his son
[[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;III]] (1881–94) was less liberal but more peaceful. The last Russian Emperor, [[Nicholas&nbsp;II]] (1894–1917), was unable to prevent the events of the Russian [[Revolution of 1905]], triggered by the unsuccessful [[Russo-Japanese War]] and the demonstration incident known as [[Bloody Sunday (1905)|Bloody Sunday]]. The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms ([[Russian Constitution of 1906]]), including granting the [[freedom of speech|freedoms of speech]] and [[freedom of assembly|assembly]], the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]].<ref name="ninteenth"/>
 
== سياسي ورهاست ==