روس: جي ورجائن ۾ تفاوت

ڊاٿل مواد شامل ڪيل مواد
سنوار جو تَتُ ڪونهي
ٽيگَ: موبائل سنوار موبائل ويب سنوار وڌيل موبائل سنوار
سنوار جو تَتُ ڪونهي
ٽيگَ: موبائل سنوار موبائل ويب سنوار وڌيل موبائل سنوار
سِٽَ 131:
[[File:Peter I by Kneller.jpg|thumb|upright|روسي زار (1682-1721) ۽ پھريون روسي شھنشاھ (1721-1725) [[پيٽر اعظم]]]]
 
1682 ۾ پيٽر اعظم روس جو زار يا بادشاھ ٿيو ۽ 1721ع ۾ ھن پنھنجي شھنشاھ ھجڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. ھن روس کي يورپ جي ھڪ وڏي طاقتور رياست بڻايو. ھن 1700 کان 1721 تائين ھلندڙ اتر واري وڏي جنگ ذريعي سويڊن کي شڪست ڏئي. 1703ع ۾ ھن بالٽڪ سمنڊ تي [[سينٽ پيٽرزبرگ]] شھر جو بنياد وجھي روس جي گادي جو هنڌ اتي منتقل ڪيو. ھن روسي ڪلچر کي اولھ يورپ واري ڪلچر ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ لاء سڌارا آندا جن روسي ڪلچر کي ڪافي تبديل ڪيو<ref name="early">{{cite web|last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/4.htm|title=Russia - Early Imperial Russia|year=1998|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>. سندس ڌي [[ايلزبيٿ (روس جي ملڪه)|ايلزبيٿ]] (1741–1762) جي دؤر ۾ روس [[ستن سالن واري جنگ]] (1756–1763) جي ور چڙھيو. ان جنگ ذريعي روس [[اوڀر پروشيا]] کي پنھنجي حدن ۾ ملائي برلن جي دروازن تائين پھتو پر ملڪه جي وفات بعد اھي علائقا پروشيا کي واپس موٽائي ڏنا ويا. عظيم [[ڪيٿرائين ٻين (روس)|ڪيٿرائين ٻين]] روس تي 1762ع کان 1796ع تائين حاڪم رھي جنھن جي دور کي [[روسي جاڳرتا]] وارو دور سڏيو ويندو آهي. ھن روس جي سرحد پولينڊ جي علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ ڪرائميائي خانيٽ کي شڪست ڏئي ڪاري سمنڊ تائين وڌائي. ڪيٿرائين کان پوءِ سندس پٽ [[پال پھريون (روس)|پال پھريون]] تخت تي ويٺو. ان بعد 1801 ۾ [[اليگزينڊر پھريون (روس)|اليگزينڊر پھريون]] بادشاھ ٿيو جيڪو 1825ع تائين رھيو. ان جي دؤر ۾ روسي الاسڪا پھتا ۽ ان کي آباد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو<ref name="ruling">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/5.htm|title=Russia - Ruling the Empire|editor=Glenn E. Curtis|year=1998|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>
1682 ۾ پيٽر اعظم روس جو زار يا بادشاھ ٿيو ۽ 1721ع ۾ ھن پنھنجي شھنشاھ ھجڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. ھن روس کي يورپ جي ھڪ وڏي طاقتور رياست بڻايو. ھن 1700 کان 1721 تائين ھلندڙ اتر واري وڏي جنگ ذريعي سويڊن جي بادشاھت کي شڪست ڏئي
 
 
forcing it to cede West [[Karelia]] and [[Ingria]] (two regions lost by Russia in the [[Time of Troubles]]), as well as the [[Governorate of Estonia]] and [[Livonia]], securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded [[Saint Petersburg]] as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, [[Government reform of Peter the Great|sweeping reforms were made]], which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.<ref name="early">{{cite web|last=Curtis|first=Glenn E.|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/4.htm|title=Russia - Early Imperial Russia|year=1998|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>
 
The reign of Peter&nbsp;I's daughter [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]] in 1741–62 saw Russia's participation in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–63). During this conflict, Russia annexed [[East Prussia]] and even reached the gates of [[Berlin]]. However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] by pro-Prussian [[Peter&nbsp;III of Russia]].<ref name="early"/>
 
[[Catherine the Great|Catherine&nbsp;II]] ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–96, presided over the Age of [[Russian Enlightenment]]. She extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the [[Partitions of Poland]], pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe, and thus making Russia the most populous country in Europe. In the south, after the successful [[Russo-Turkish Wars]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]], Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the [[Crimean Khanate]]. As a result of victories over [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Iran]] through the [[Russo-Persian Wars]], by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also made significant territorial gains in [[Transcaucasia]] and the [[North Caucasus]].<ref name="early"/> Catherine's successor, her son [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]], was [[Personality and reputation of Paul I of Russia|unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues]]. Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;I's]] (1801–25) [[Finnish War|wresting of]] [[Finland]] from the weakened Sweden in 1809, and of [[Bessarabia]] from the Ottomans in 1812. While in North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to [[Russian America|reach and colonise Alaska]].<ref name="ruling">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/5.htm|title=Russia - Ruling the Empire|editor=Glenn E. Curtis|year=1998|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|publisher=Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Territorial Expansion of Russia.svg|thumb|left|Russian [[Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)|expansion]] and [[Territorial evolution of Russia|territorial evolution]] between the 14th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chew|first=Allen F.|title=An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders|date=2009|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-01445-7}}</ref>]]
In 1803–1806, the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] was made, later followed by other notable Russian sea exploration voyages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McCartan|first=E.F.|title=The Long Voyages-Early Russian Circumnavigation|journal=[[The Russian Review]]|volume=22|number=1|date=1963|pages=30–37|doi=10.2307/126593|jstor=126593}}</ref> In 1820, [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen#First Russian Antarctic expedition|a Russian expedition]] disc