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روس: جي ورجائن ۾ تفاوت

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سِٽَ 120:
[[File:Lebedev baptism.jpg|left|thumb|''The [[Baptism of Kievans]]'', by [[Klavdy Lebedev]].]]
 
جاگيرداري جي مضبوط ٿيڻ سبب خيويائي رياست جي مرڪزيت ختم ٿيندي وئي جنھن سان رياست اندر گھرو ويڙھ ٿيندي رھي. 1837-40ع دوران منگولن جي حملي خيو کي تباھ ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ روس جي اڌ آبادي ان حملي ۾ ھلاڪ ٿي وئي<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael F.|last=Hamm|title=Kiev: A Portrait, 1800-1917|date=1993|publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press|pages=328|isbn=978-0-691-02585-8}}</ref>. حملي آورن، جن کي بعد ۾ تاتار سڏيو ويو، اتي [[اورد زرين]] (Golden Horde) نالي رياست قائم ڪئي. ان جو ترڪ ٻولي ۾ نالو آلتين اوردو ھيو. روس جو ڏاکڻو ۽ وچون حصو اٽڪل ٻہ صديون ان رياست ھيٺ رھيو<ref>{{cite book|last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History|date=1987|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|pages=192|isbn=978-0-253-20445-5}}</ref>
 
The invaders, later known as [[Tatars]], formed the state of the [[Golden Horde]], which pillaged the Russian principalities and ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over two centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Halperin|first=Charles J.|title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History|date=1987|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|pages=192|isbn=978-0-253-20445-5}}</ref>
 
Galicia-Volhynia was eventually assimilated by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]], while the Novgorod Republic and Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation.<ref name="EarlyH"/> The Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol occupation and together with [[Pskov]] retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the [[Mongol yoke]]; they were largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the country. Led by Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]], Novgorodians repelled the invading [[Swedes]] in the [[Battle of the Neva]] in 1240,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva|title=Battle of the Neva|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> as well as the [[Northern Crusades|Germanic crusaders]] in the [[Battle of the Ice]] in 1242.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ostrowski|first=Donald|title=Alexander Nevskii's "Battle on the Ice": The Creation of a Legend|date=2006|jstor=24664446|journal=[[Russian History (journal)|Russian History]]|volume=33|number=2/4|pages=289–312|doi=10.1163/187633106X00186}}</ref>
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