تائيوان: جي ورجائن ۾ تفاوت
ڊاٿل مواد شامل ڪيل مواد
Created by translating the page "تائیوان" |
Pope sindhi (بحث | ڀاڱيداريون) سنوار جو تَتُ ڪونهي ٽيگَ: موبائل سنوار موبائل ويب سنوار |
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سِٽَ 1:
{{redirect|Republic of China|the preceding state in mainland China|Republic of China (1912–1949)|the People's Republic of China|China|other uses|Taiwan (disambiguation)|and|Republic of China (disambiguation)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{short description|state in East Asia}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{coord|25|02|N|121|38|E|type:country_region:TW|display=title}}
{{infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of China
| common_name = Taiwan
| native_name = {{native name|zh-tw|中華民國}}
| image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
| alt_flag = A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays.
| image_coat = National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg
| alt_coat = A blue circular emblem on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays.
| symbol_type = National Emblem
| national_anthem = "[[National Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]}}</div>
| flag_anthem = "[[National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:中華民國國旗歌 (演奏版).ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg
| alt_map = a map of East Asia, with a world map insert, with the island of Taiwan shaded and the other islands circled
| map_caption = [[Free area of the Republic of China|Territory controlled by the Republic of China]]
| capital = [[Taipei]]<ref name="capital">{{cite news |title=Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital |date=5 December 2013 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356 |newspaper=Taipei Times |accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|25|02|N|121|38|E|type:city_region:TW}}
| largest_settlement_type = subdivision
| largest_settlement = [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]]
| languages_type = [[National language]]s{{efn|A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language".<ref name="natLangAct">{{cite web |script-title=zh:國家語言發展法 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |accessdate=22 May 2019 |language=zh}}</ref>}}
| languages = {{vunblist
|[[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous Languages Development Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |website=law.moj.gov.tw
|accessdate=22 May 2019}}</ref>
|[[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hakka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |accessdate=22 May 2019}}</ref>
|[[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{efn|name=NatLang|Not designated but meets legal definition}}
|[[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]]{{efn|name=NatLang}}
|[[Matsu dialect|Matsu]]{{efn|name=NatLang}}
|[[Taiwan Sign Language|Sign language]]}}
| religion = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em;|class=nowrap | 44.2% [[Folk religion]] | 21.3% [[Taoism]] | 19.2% [[Buddhism]] | 5.5% [[Christianity]] | 9.8% Other}}
| demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref name="cia-factbook" />
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitutional republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of China|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Tsai Ing-wen]]
| leader_title2 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]]
| leader_name2 = [[Su Tseng-chang]]
| legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]]
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic proclaimed]]
| established_date1 = 1 January 1912
| established_event2 = [[Retrocession Day|Taiwan transferred]]
| established_date2 = 25 October 1945
| established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]]
| established_date3 = 25 December 1947
| established_event4 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]]
| established_date4 = 7 December 1949
| area_km2 = 35,980
| area_footnote = <ref name="cia-factbook" />
| area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; should not be any here -->
| population_estimate = 23,577,271<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web |title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref>
| population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|accessdate=26 November 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archivedate=26 December 2016}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2018
| population_estimate_rank = 53rd
| population_census_year = 2010
| population_census_rank = 53rd
| population_density_km2 = 650
| population_density_rank = 17th
| GDP_PPP = $1.306 trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=37&pr1.y=7&c=528&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Taiwan Province of China |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=30 Jun 2019}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2019
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $55,244<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $601.431 billion<ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2019
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $25,447 <ref name=imf2 />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 34.1
| Gini_year = 2017
| Gini_change = increase
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution |url=https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |website=stat.gov.tw |accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.907
| HDI_year = 2017
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = {{efn |name="HDI-1" |The UN [[China and the United Nations|does not consider]] the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a [[sovereign state]]. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures.<ref name="HDI-2">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Readers_reprint.pdf|title=- Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org}}</ref> Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.907 based on UNDP's 2010 methodology, which would rank it 21st, between Austria and Luxembourg in the UN list dated 14 September 2018.<ref name="HDI-3">{{cite web|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/gender/International%20Gender/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8.xls|format=Excel|script-title=zh:2018中華民國人類發展指數(HDI)|accessdate=2018-11-12|year=2018|publisher=Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.|language=zh-hant|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811222036/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/gender/International%20Gender/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8.xls|archive-date=11 August 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="HDI-4">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |oclc=1061292121 |accessdate=9 December 2018 |date=14 September 2018}}</ref> |group="nb"}}
| HDI_rank = 21st
| currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$)
| currency_code = TWD
| time_zone = [[National Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +8
| date_format = {{unbulleted list |yyyy-mm-dd |{{longitem|style=line-height:1.1em; |{{nowrap|yyyy年m月d日<br />{{small|([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Chinese calendar|CE+2697]])}}}}}} |[[Minguo calendar|民國yy年m月d日]] {{small|([[Common Era|CE]]−1911)}}}}
| drives_on = Right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]]
| cctld = {{vunblist|[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Taiwan'''<!-- Please do not add other languages here; use the langbox template directly above, included specifically for that purpose. -->, officially the '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''), is a [[state (polity)|state]] in [[East Asia]].<ref name="fell">{{cite book|last1=Fell|first1=Dafydd|title=Government and Politics in Taiwan|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1317285069|page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8hHDwAAQBAJ|quote=Moreover, its status as a vibrant democratic state has earned it huge international sympathy and a generally positive image.}}</ref><ref name="French">{{cite book|last1=French|first1=Duncan|title=Statehood and Self-Determination: Reconciling Tradition and Modernity in International Law |date=2013|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge]]|isbn=978-1107311275|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYogAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|quote= The population on the islands of Formosa and the Pescadores is governed by an effective government to the exclusion of others, but Taiwan is not generally considered a state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Albert|first1=Eleanor|title=China-Taiwan Relations|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations|website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|date=7 December 2016|quote=The People’s Republic of China (PRC) views the island as a province, while in Taiwan—a territory with its own democratically elected government—leading political voices have differing views on the island’s status and relations with the mainland. Some observe the principle that there is "One China" comprising the island and the mainland, but in their eyes this is the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei; others advocate for a de jure independent Taiwan.}}
</ref> Neighbouring states include the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The island of Taiwan has an area of {{convert|35,808|km2}}, with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly [[urbanization|urbanised]] population is concentrated. [[Taipei]] is the capital and largest metropolitan area. Other major cities include [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taichung]], [[Tainan]] and [[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]]. With 23.5 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated states, and is the most populous state and largest [[gross domestic product|economy]] that is not a member of the [[United Nations]] (UN).
[[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]] settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch rule]] opened the island to mass [[Han people|Han]] immigration. After a brief rule by the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], the island was annexed in 1683 by the [[Qing dynasty]] of China, and ceded to the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1895. Following the [[surrender of Japan]] in 1945, the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911, took control of Taiwan on behalf of the [[World War II Allies]]. The resumption of the [[Chinese Civil War]] led to the loss of the mainland to the [[Communist Party of China]] and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the [[Two Chinas|legitimate representative of China]], since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to [[free area of the Republic of China|Taiwan and several small islands]]. In the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and [[industrialization]] called the "[[Taiwan Miracle]]". In the 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC changed from a one-party military dictatorship to a multi-party democracy with a [[semi-presidential system]].
As a founding member, the ROC represented China in the UN until the PRC replaced it in 1971. The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognises the ROC. Taiwan [[foreign relations of Taiwan|maintains official ties]] with 16 out of 193 UN member states. Most international organisations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a [[non-state actor]]; most major powers maintain unofficial ties with Taiwan through [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|representative offices]] and institutions that function as ''de facto'' embassies and consulates. Domestically, the major political division is between parties favouring eventual [[Chinese unification]] and promoting a Chinese identity contrasted with those [[Taiwan independence movement|aspiring to independence]] and promoting [[Taiwanese identity]], although both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.<ref>{{cite book |title=Party Politics in Taiwan |given=Dafydd |surname=Fell |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-134-24021-0 |page=85 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |given1=Christopher H. |surname1=Achen |given2=T. Y. |surname2=Wang |chapter=The Taiwan Voter: An Introduction |pages=1–25 |editor-given1=Christopher H. |editor-surname1=Achen |editor-given2=T. Y. |editor-surname2=Wang |title=The Taiwan Voter |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2017 |doi=10.3998/mpub.9375036 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-0-472-07353-5 }} pp. 1–2.</ref>
Taiwan is a high-income country<ref name="wb">[https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519#High_income Country and Lending Groups.] [[World Bank]]. Accessed on 10 July 2018.</ref><ref name="qq">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf IMF Advanced Economies List. World Economic Outlook, April 2016, p. 148] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421023851/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf|date=21 April 2016}}
</ref> with a skilled and educated workforce.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2016/03/13/460606/5-mil.htm|title=5 mil. Taiwanese hold degrees from higher education institutions|date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201603120011.aspx|title=Undergraduate degree holders in Taiwan exceed 5 million|last=Tang|first=Pei-chun|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> Its export-oriented industrial economy is the [[list of countries by GDP (nominal)|21st-largest]] in the world, with sectors including steel, machinery, electronics and chemicals manufacturing. The state is ranked highly in terms of civil and political liberties,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019|title=Freedom in the World 2019|date=2019-01-03|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> education, health care<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yao|first1=Grace|last2=Cheng|first2=Yen-Pi|last3=Cheng|first3=Chiao-Pi|date=5 November 2008|title=The Quality of Life in Taiwan|journal=Social Indicators Research|volume=92|issue=2|pages=377–404|doi=10.1007/s11205-008-9353-1|quote=a second place ranking in the 2000 Economist's world healthcare ranking}}</ref> and human development.{{efn|name="HDI-1"}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/11715541971.pdf|year=2010|publisher=Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.|language=Chinese|script-title=zh:2010中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)|accessdate=2 July 2010}}</ref>
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